BIO 105 BACTERIA AND DISEASES

how does baterica attach

the host

common modes of transmission

vector

vertored disease

plague

lyme disease

plague

known as black death

how is bacteria treated

antibiotics

anthrax spores

resistance to heat

syphilis chlamydia and gonorrhea are most common in

black

clamydia is most common in what gender

young women

what are prokaryotic cells and oldest form of life

bacteria

which bacteria does not cause diseases

Archaea

decompose, nutrient cycling,nitrogen fixation,fermentation,and pathogens

roles of bacteria

capsule

extracellular covering, that closely adheres to the cell wall composed of polysaccharides, some are more protein- based. The main function is to protect the bacteria from adverse environmental conditions such as drying out.

cell wall

protect them from mechanical damage and osmotic lysis. Are non-selectively permeable, they exclude only very large molecules.

what is a bacteria composed of

capsule, a cell wall, a cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm containing nuclear material and ribosomes, and extensions such as flagella and pili.

cytoplasmic membrane

flexible structures composed of phospholipids and proteins.

site of electron transport for bacterial respiration, of phosphorylation systems and of enzymes and carrier molecules that function in the biosynthesis of DNA, cell wall polymers and membrane lipids.

what are prokaryotic cells

lacks a nucleus

cytoplasm,

enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane, is essentially an aqueous fluid containing the nuclear material, ribosomes, nutrients, and the enzymes and other molecules involved in synthesis, cell maintenance, and metabolism.

ribosomes.

All protein synthesis takes place here. These structures are composed of ribonucleoproteins

Plasmids

small circular pieces of DNA which are separate from the genome, are capable of autonomous replication.

can be transferred from cell to cell during binary fission or through conjugation. __ DNA may code for characteristics such as antibiotic resistance and exotoxin production.

Flagella

Are motile bacteria that can move into suitable microenvironments in response to physical or chemical stimuli.

Gram negative

Pili

Fine, straight, hair-like structures called __ or fimbriae, composed of the protein pilin are attached to the cell wall of many bacteria.

They frequently function in adhesion to host tissues with the adhesion located at the tips of fimbriae.

Gram negative

Based on their color when stained by the Gram method, bacteria can be divided into what?

Gram positive and Gram negative. This color reaction is determined by the composition of the cell wall

what stain blue, have a relatively thick uniform cell wall which is composed mainly of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.

Gram-positive bacteria

stain red, have cell walls with a more complex structure, consisting of an outer membrane and a periplasmic space containing a comparatively small amount of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane __is a protein-containing lipid bilayer.

Gram-negative bacteria

common bacterial shapes

cocci, bacilli,vibrios, and spirochetes

cocci

sphere-shaped and occur in the widespread Staphlococcal and Streptococcal diseases.

Bacilli

rod-shaped, clearly longer than wide, as seen in anthrax.

Vibrios

comma shaped, seen in cholera

spirochetes

spiral-shaped bacteria like those found in syphilis and Lyme disease.

bacterial classification

how they stain in a gram test, shape of cell wall, anaeobic /aerobic(requires air), motile (does it have flagella and move?)

common modes of transmission

vectors(ticks), airborne, direct contact, ingestion(contaminated water or food)

arbovirus

arthropod causing disease, disease is transferred by vectors of sand flies, biting midges, ticks, and mosquitoes

sand files

vector causing flies found in the gulf coast, only females will bite

family psychodidae

what are the 4 viruses sand flies transfer to humans

vesicular stomatits:north america

Chandipura: india and west africa

changuinula:central and South america

Sand fly fever: central and south america, europe, middle east, north africa, asia

what are the effects of sand fly fever

sores at bite wounds, head aches, nausea, fever, pain at back and eyes

biting midges

small flies maybe 1 mm, occurs in wooded area, cause blue tongue in livestock, only females will bite

family ceratopogonidae

what viruses does biting midges can transfer to humans

oropouche fever: south america and caribbean

Rift Valley fever: africa

ticks

cousins to spiders, family ixodidae

what disease are transmitted to humans from ticks

tick borne encephalitis- europe

crimean congo hemorrhagic fever- europe

kyasanur forest disease- india

powassan encephalitis- north america

heartland virus- north america

bourbon virus- north america

colorado tick fever- north america

rocky mountain wood tick

double stranded RNA; cultivirus family reoviridae. found in western american; utah, idaho, montana in ground squirres, chipmunks, and porcupines are the reservior

mosquitioes

family culicidae, arbovirus, prefer to feed on mammals and birds. only a handful vector diseases to humans

yellow fever

arbovirus transmitted by aedes aegypti, causes cell death in the liver and gaundis, bleeding etc. Introduce in US from africa during slave trade. topical central south america and africa.

Dengue

Occurs in mexico, centeral america, south america, africa, indra, south east asia, indonesia

results on traveler vectored by yellow fever mosqutioes

characterized by fever, rash, headaches, pain in muscles and joints. most people recover

west Nile

widely distributed in africa middle east europe india north and south america leading cause moisqutioes borne disease in US

zoonotic in birds

zika

found in monkeys, outbreak in 2007, widespread. Recoginezed in Brazil in 2015 quickly spread in south and central america and south nourth america.

only found on flordia and texas in the US

A mouth fever headache rash joint pain. Asympthomatic, lasts up to a week death is uncommon. Transferred by yellow fever mostqutioes

airborne disease

diseases largely of the respiratory tract, although a number of them can cause secondary infection elsewhere in the body.

small pox

family poxviridae widespread among deer cattle monkeys sheep and birds was once a major disease until 1890 Edward jenner developed vaccine, airborne disease

cold

cause by rinovirus, enterovirus common in infants and children. Asymptomatic infections, common colds, and other respirtory illness, airborne disease

influenza

family orhomyxovirdae arrupt fever chills cough sore throat inflammation of mucus membrane in the nose, airborne disease

A and B cause annual epidemic can lead to death

chickenpox

Varicellovirus: family herpesviridae also known as shingles, airborne disease

replicate in the cell nucleus

typically a childhood illness, can effect skin, mucus membrane, nervous system tissue

adult conditions are more serve pnemounia lung problems and birth defects of unborn child

shingles occur most at what age

over 60

measles

Morbillivirus family paramyxoviridae childhood disease replicated in host cell cytoplasm, airborne disease

acute disease

cough fever and rash

humans are the only known host

occurs worldwide

deaths mostly occur in africa indonesia india south east asia

mumps

rubulaviris: family Paramyxoviridae

only known disease that cause inflammation the salavitary glands, disease is mostly benign and can serve

airborne disease

rubella

rubivirus: family togaviridae

also known as german measles

acute virus that affects all ages

rash low grade fever symptoms can cause artihities

birth defects can occur

SARS

betacoronavirus: family Coronaviridae

Severe Acute Respitory Syndrome

headache chills cough most serious cases were ages 40s and 50s

originally zoonotic disease

lungs are fillled in fuild

direction transmission/ contact viruses

viruses that are not ingested, inhaled, or vectored

Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and Chlamydia are transferred how

intimate contact

Tetanus and anthrax are transferred how

open wound

Leprosy is transferred how

direct contact with nasal secretions.

rabies

caused by Lyssavirus family rhabdoviridae characterized by deadly infection transmitted through a infected animal bite

occurs worldwide

reserviors in fox bats dogs skunks and raccoons

hepatitis B

virus that attack the liver and leads to death can cause liver cancer

most common infection blood borne and sexual transmitted virus can be transfer into unborn child

acute and chronic

Hepatitis C

Hepacivirus family Flavivirdae transmitted through infected blood such as shared needles blood transfusion

HIV

Caused by lentivirus family: retroviridae leads to AIDS human immunodieficenis virus can last serval year becomes symptomatic and cannot fight diseases inside the body. direct transmission through inimate contact and infected blood

HPV

caused by Papillomavirus family: papillomaviridae common sexual transmission causing warts can cause clinical infection and cancer

Herpes simplex

Caused by Herpesvirus: family herpesviridae

lifelong infection HSV- 1 core sores and HSV-2 warts requires directed contact

Ebola

Ebolavirus: family Retroviridae

rare disease that occur in human direct contact through infected animal or human

ingested

Fecal and oral route. Feces that containante water or food source

hepatitis A, polio, Rotavirus, norovirus,astrovirus, salmonella, cholera, traveler’s diarrhea, botulism, staphylococcus

salmonella

about 1.2 cases yearly in the US

caused from contaminated food and water from poultry, eggs, and other meat products and improperly handled prepared food

Hepatitis A

replicated in the host cytoplasm, preventive, ganuic nausa, transfer from unsatitation from restuarant workers from fecal matter . replicated in the liver.

central and south america afirica indonesia asia middle east. children are commonly infected

polio

Enterovirus: family Picornaviridae

humans are the only known host. number of cases are increasing. Asymomatic serve back muscle pains often effects children

franklin D roosevelt had this disea

Rotavirus norovirus astrovirus

ingested virus causes diarreha, vomiting, and fever in developing countries most children experience this before the age of 3

water cominated transfer

In addition to the Bacteria, which other kingdom is comprised exclusively of prokaryotic organisms?

archaea

MRSA (methionine resisant Staphylococcus auras) is a type of

bacteria

According to the CDC, ________________ is the most common bacterial STD disease.

chlamydia

Butchers and meat handlers need to be aware of _____________ when processing meat for food.

anthrax

yersinia pestis is the bacteria that cause the disease

plague

bacteria such as those that cause tetanus, botulism and ___ can form highly resistant endospores

anthrax

treponena pallidum is the spirichete bacterium that cause

syphilis

Murine typhus is vectored by

oriental rat flea

rickettsia prowazekii causes a disease that is vectored by

lice

shigella typhoid cholera listerioisis and salmonella are examples of __ bacterial disease

ingested

lyme disease is caused by the bacterium

Borrelia burgdorferi

bordatella pertussis is the bacterium that causes the disease___

whooping cough