exam 4 - digestive system

primary organs of digestive tract

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

accessory organs of digestive tract

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

moist, serous, outer membrane

parietal peritoneum

moist, serous, inner membrane

visceral peritoneum

______ mesentary suspends GI tract and forms visceral peritoneum of stomach/intestines

dorsal

_____ mesentary forms lesser/greater omenta, contains lymph nodes/vessels, blood vessels

ventral

_____ omentum attaches ____ to liver

lesser, stomach

_____ omentum covers small intestines

greater

_____ anchors colon to posterior body wall

mesocolon

selective intake of food

ingestionb

breakdown of food into smaller molecules

digestion

uptake of nutrients into blood/lymph

absorption

elimination of undigested materials

defecation

physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

mechanical digestion

hydrolysis reactions for breakdown of food

chemical digestion

enzymes in saliva, stomach, pancreas, intestines break down polysaccharides into _____, proteins into ______, fats into ______ & _____, and nucleic acids into _______

monosaccharides, amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids, nucleotides

opening to throat is called

fauces

______ ligament anchors teeth into bone

periodontal

chewing aka

mastications

swallowing aka

deglutition

chemical digestion of starch begins in

mouth

salivary amylase begins ____ digestion

starch

in the stomach, _____ is activated by_____ to digest fat

lingual lipase, HCl

lubricates & binds food for swallowing

mucus

enzyme that kills bacteria

lysozyme

antibodies that inhibit bacterial growth

IgA

saliva aids swallowing by binding food together into

bolus

intrinsic salivary glands contain______ & _____

lysozyme, lingual lipase

extrinsic salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

_____ glands of extrinsic salivary glands secrete mucous

mucous

serous glands of extrinsic salivary glands secrete _____ &_____

amylase, electrolytes

superior, middle and inferior ______ in the pharynx force food down while swallowing

constrictors

tissue layers of GI tract - deep to superficial

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia/serosa

esophagus passes through ______ in the diaphram and enters the stomach at the _____

esophageal hiatus, cardiac oriface

_____ is when the tongue collects food and pushes it into the oropharynx

buccal phase

during the _______ phase, nasopharynx is blocked, epiglottis is folded back, pharyngeal constrictors push bolus down esophagus

pharyngeal-esophageal

_____ mechanically breaks up food particles, liquifies food into chyme

stomach

chemical digestion of ____ & ____ begins in the stomach

protein, fat

______ filters blood drained from stomach, before returning to the heart

liver

opening to duodenum, contains a pyloric sphincter

pylorus

Cells of Gastic Glands (stomach)

mucous, regenerative, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine cells

cells that divide rapidly and produce new cells

regenerative cells

cells in stomach that secrete HCl

parietal cells

cells in stomach that secrete pepsinogen

chief cells

cells in stomach that secrete hormones and paracrines

enteroendocrine cells

gastric juice is composed of

mostly h2o, HCl, pepsin

stomach acid that activates pepsin & lingual lipase, liquifies food to form chyme, destroys ingested bacteria/pathogens

HCl

pepsinogen is activated by ____ which converts it to _____

HCl, pepsin

when activated, pepsin can act upon pepsinogen to produce more pepsin, this is a process known as

autocatalytic process

intrinsic factor of the stomach is secreted by_____

parietal cells

_____ is essential for B12 absorption which is necessary for RBC production

intrinsic factor

_____ digests butterfat of milk in infants

gastric lipase

coagulates proteins to curdle milk

chymosin

_____ stimulates HCl & enzyme secretions, stimulates intestinal motility, relaxes iliocecal valve

gastrin

_____ stimulates gastric motility

serotonin

_____ stimulates HCl secretion

histamine

_____ inhibits gastric secretions and motility, inhibits pancreatic and gall bladder secretions

somatostatin

when food arrives at the stomach, the stomach relaxes and _______ contractions begin

peristaltic

_______ churns and mixes food with gastric juice

peristalsis

meals empty from stomach in ____ hours, high fat meals are emptied in ____ hours, liquid meals are emptied much_____

4, 6, sooner

when the _____ in medulla causes lower esophageal sphincter to relax as diaphragm and ab muscles contract, this allows for _____

emetic center, vomiting

______ of the stomach prevent gastric juices from seeping between epithelial cells

tight junctions

many ulcers are caused by _____, _____

bacteria, erosion of stomach wall by HCl and pepsin

HCl is formed when hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the

duct of the gastric gland

number of baby teeth formed

20 teeth

bile functions to

emulsify fats

the sympathetic NS response ____ peristalsis in the GI tract

decreases

hormone that controls the release of bile from the gallbladder

cholecystokinin

____ are front teeth used for biting

incisors

organs that produce digestive enzymes

gall bladder, pancreas

absorption of vitamin B12, crucial for RBC production, requires _____

intrinsic factor

pepsin digests _____ to _____

proteins, peptides

if the parietal cells stop working you would not produce _____, _____, ____

HCl, pepsin, intrinsic factor

______ is when a portion of the stomach pushes up through the opening in the diaphragm

hiatal hernia

arrival of chyme into the duodenum over a period of time will cause

secretin release from duodenum

in the large intestine, ____ is synthesized, ____ and ____ are absorbed, ____ is secreted

vitamin K, water, electrolytes, mucous

if an adult is having diarrhea and gas after drinking milk, they are NOT producing ____ on their brush border

lactase

_____ sphincter is comprised of skeletal muscle

external anal

_____ are not directly absorbed into the blood

fatty acids

found in feces

bacteria, fiber, water, epithelial cells

removal of the _____ would have the most severe effect on the body

jejunum

increased osmolarity of fecal matter in the colon can result in

diarrhea

total volume of secretions produced by the digestive system each day

8-10 liters

____ NS of the stomach stimulates gastric secretions prior to swallowing

Enteric

during the _____ phase, stomach is controlled by the brain, which detects sight, smell, taste of food

cephalic phase

during _____ phase, the stomach controls itself and stretches as food arrives

gastric

______ phase is activated by presence of food or semidigested protein

gastric phase

when the duodenum inhibits stomach, this is called

enterogastric reflex

chyme stimulates duodenal cells to release

secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide

right and left side of liver is separated by _______ ligament

falciform

bile is produced by

hepatocyte cells

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct is known as

hepatic triad

hepatic portal vein & hepatic artery

bring blood to liver

______ collects bile from bile canaliculi to be secreted from the _____ in hepatic ducts

bile duct, liver

_____ filters blood to remove, glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, hormones, toxins, bile pigments, drugs

liver

liver secretes ____, ____, _____, ____ into blood

albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen

liver breaks down stored _____, produces and secretes _____

glycogen, bile

condition where hepatocytes begin to die off

hepatic cirrhosis

pathway of bile

structure that stores and concentrates bile

gallbladder