Criminal Justice Exam 2

Policing used to be ___

Responsibility of families/ parents

Policing used to be ____from military

inseperable

During the middle ages (circa 400 to 1600 a.d.)

Lawlesses reigned and citizen vigilante groups combated crime

After the NUrman invasion (1066-1300) in England tithings were

10 males over 12 were responsible for controlling their village (where the name sheriff came from)

____ London Police founded

1829

____ New York city founded

1845

Early american policing used force to control disruption from ______

Industrial revolution, immigration, crime waves, and urban dicomfrot

Poitical era ____ to _____

Reform Era ___ to ____Community Policing/ Problem Solving Era _____ to ___

1940 to 1920

1920 to 1980

1980 to present

18th amendment/ Volstead Act

Place police in adversarial role of enforcing vice (Prohibition)

Community/ Problem solving Oriented Policing

Assumes that social conditions breed crime

Emphasis is on addressing/ reducing social problems

Provides outreach to counseling and programs

Collaborative effort between police and community residents to address problems

Reduce citizen fear of crime

Watchman Style

Order maintenance is main concern

Illegal and disrupt behaviors must be controlled

Informal intervention, persuasion, and threats are means of accomplishing this

“Street justice” is occasionally administered

Legalistic Style

Following the letter of the law, critized because non enforcement issuesare generally ignored

Service style

Helping community is job #1

Police use networks to social service providers

Indicative of well-paid, educated officers

4th amendment and the police

Must have a warran

Exclusionary Rule

Incriminating information must not be seized according to constitutional specifications of due process or it will not be allowed as evidence in criminal trials

Fruit of the poisonous Tree

Evidence later developed as a result of an originally illegal search or seizure is excluded from intro at trial

Arms length Rule

defendants and the physical area immediately within their reach can be searched to ensure officer safety, prevent evidence from being destroyed and keep defendants from escaping

Good faith doctrine

lawful search and seizure that produces evidence where it was later discovered that a mistake was made may still be used in court

Plain view doctrine

visible objects may be seized during a search in the absence of a warrant specifying the search of those objects’ officers must have a legal right to be in the viewing area and must have cause to believe that the evidence is associated with criminal activity

Emergency searches

Warrantless police action is justified if there are clear dangers to life, risk of escape, or likely removal/destruction of evidence

Reasonable Searches

the intuitive sense whereby an experienced police officer believes crime is afoot

Automobile search

the warrantless search of vehicle is valid if it is based on the reasonable belief that contraband is present

Fleeting targets exception

cars can “get away” quickly thus probable cause search without warrant is permitted

Fleeting felon doctrine

police cannot shoot suspects who are attempting to flee or avoid apprehension

5th amendment

Miranda rights

Police are not allowed to

Physically abuse defendants

Use inherent coercion

Psychological manipulation via professionals

Social costs of Miranda rights

Changes in the defendant’s confession rate before/after

About 3.8% of cases are lost because of Miranda safeguards in one year

Most arrest situations arise through ____ rather than ___ intiative

citizen, police

Police are more ___ and use their arrest power ___ than the law would allow

lenient, less

Officer seriousness is __ related to arrest

Positively

The ____ the relationship between the prosecutor and the suspect the more likely an arrest will be made

Weaker

The probability of arrest ____ when the suspect is disrespectful toward the police

increases

There are about _____ police citizen interactions every year

30 million

_____% of americans have no police interactions

80%

Force or threatened used in only ___% of interactions

1%

Police commit about ____ justifiable homicides every year

400

On average about ___officers are killed every year on duty

76