PSYCH 212 Exam 3: Chapter 11

psychoactive substance

alters mood, perception, or brain functioning

polysubstance use

use of multiple substances due to combined biological, psychological, and social factors

substance use disorder

maladaptive use causing impairment or distress

substance-induced disorders

includes intoxication and withdrawal states

impaired control

using more or longer than intended, unsuccessful attempts to quit, craving

social impairment

neglecting obligations, conflict, loss of activities

risky use

using despite danger or health problems

pharmacological criteria

tolerance and withdrawal

diagnosis threshold

at least 2 symptoms within 12 months

metabolic tolerance

body increases rate of substance metabolism

pharmacodynamic tolerance

brain reduces receptor sensitivity or number

withdrawal from uppers

depressed mood, irritability, sleep and appetite changes

withdrawal from downers

nausea, pain, insomnia, anxiety

most difficult withdrawal

opiates

no withdrawal

hallucinogens

tobacco effects

stimulant, causes cancer, heart disease, and respiratory issues

stimulant effects

euphoria follewed by dysphoria, lethargy, and health risks

sedative effects

similar to alcohol, disinhibition, poor coordination, anxiety rebound

cannabis effects

mood and concentration changes, long-term attention problems

hallucinogen effects

vivid sensory experiences, possible flashbacks or psychosis

alcohol effects

short-term intoxication, long-term interpersonal, physical, and mental health damage

most addictive substances

tobacco (31.9%) and heroin (23.1%)

cultural influence on alcohol use

norms about drinking vary across history and societies

gender differences in alcohol use

men more likely to develop AUD; women drink less due to social norms and safety concerns

age of first use

early initiation (before 14) increases risk for AUD

positive beliefs about alcohol

expecting mood, social, or sexual benefits leads to heavier drinking

personality and alcohol use

high extraversion and rebelliousness increase risk

peer infleunce

exposure to peers who drink raises use likelihood, especially in extraverts

detoxifiation

medically supervised withdrawal, first treatment step

methadone

safer opioid replacement reducing withdrawal and cravings

alcoholics anonymous (aa)

peer-led, abstinence-based 12-step program; spiritual component; ~50% dropout

motivational interventions

short-term therapy to enhance readiness for change; may aim for moderation

treatment outcomes

most benefit from treatment, though relapse is common and multiple attempts may be needed