Oxygenation

Oxygenation

Basic human need for survival and health.

Circulation

Movement of blood throughout the body.

Perfusion

The ability of the Cardiovascular System to pump oxygenated blood to tissues.

Ventilation

Air movement into and out of lungs.

Respiration

Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Ocurs at alveolar capillary/capillary cell membrane

Occurs Through diffusion

Diffusion

Movement of gases via concentration gradients.

Work of Breathing

Effort needed to expand and contract lungs.

Inspiration

Active process of drawing air into lungs.

Expiration

Passive process of expelling air from lungs.

Pulmonary Circulation

Blood flow from heart to lungs and back.

Factors that affect ventilation

Rate, Depth, Lung Compliance, lung elasticity, airway resistance..

Rate

How fast you breathe

Depth

How much your lungs expand to take in air

Lung Compliance

Ease of lung inflation reduced by

Increased Lung water (edema)

Loss of surfactant

Scarring of lung Tissue

Lung Elasticity

Ability of lung tissue to recoil after stretch

Airway Resistance

Resistance To airflow within airway

The larger the airway, the more easily air moves

Lung Volumes

Influenced by Gender, height, length of torso, and disease

Tidal Volume (vT)

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Additional air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Additional air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation.

Residual Volume (RV)

Air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation.

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

Maximum amount of air exhaled after deep inhalation.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Total volume of air in lungs after maximum inhalation.

Airway Resistance

Resistance to airflow within the airways.

Breathing Controlled through bio-feedback

Chemoreceptors and Lung receptors

Chemoreceptors

Sensors detecting changes in pH, O2, and CO2 levels.

Lung Receptors

Lung, chest wall.

Sensitive to breathing patterns, lung expansion etc

Adjusts ventilation

Cardiac Cycle

Simultaneous contraction of the two atria, followed by the simultaneous contraction of the two ventricles.

Electrical Conduction

Electrical Activity that initiates contraction of the myocardium

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Heart's natural pacemaker initiating electrical impulses. From R to L via intraatrial pathways.

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Electrical activity passes through the AV node into the bundle of HIS—node transmitting impulses from atria to ventricles.

Divides into the left and right bundle branches, which terminate in Purkinje fibers that enervate the ventricles

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood ejected from heart during systole.

Alveolocapillary Membrane

Site of gas exchange between alveoli and blood.

Systemic blood vessels

Transport oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Pulmonary blood vessels

Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Arteries

Thick-walled vessels carrying oxygenated blood.

Arterioles

Small arteries leading to capillaries.

Capillaries

Site of gas exchange between blood and tissues.

Veins

Vessels returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Venules

Small veins collecting blood from capillaries.

Flow of Blood Through the Heart

The process by which blood circulates through the heart, where oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium, is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation, and then returns to the left atrium to be distributed to the body.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells carrying oxygen.

Coronary arteries

Supply blood to the heart muscle.

Coronary sinus

Collects blood from coronary veins.

RCA

Right coronary artery supplying right heart.

LCA

Left coronary artery supplying left heart.

Heart chambers

Four compartments: atria and ventricles.

Tricuspid valve

Regulates blood flow from right atrium to ventricle.

Pulmonic valve

Controls blood flow from right ventricle to lungs.

Mitral valve

Regulates blood flow from left atrium to ventricle.

Aortic valve

Controls blood flow from left ventricle to body.

Autonomic nervous system

Regulates involuntary bodily functions.

Sympathetic fibers

Increase heart rate and contractility.

Parasympathetic fibers

Decrease heart rate and promote relaxation.

Heart

Regulate Heart rate and contractility

Vascular System

Maintain vascular tone

Brainstem centers- Pon

Vasomotor center and cardioinhibitory center

Regulate Cardiac Function and blood pressure

Baroreceptors

Detect pressure changes in blood vessels.

Chemoreceptors

Monitor blood pH, oxygen, and CO2 levels.

Anemia

Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Hypovolemia

Decreased blood volume affecting circulation.

Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygen supply to tissues.

Hypoventilation

Insufficient ventilation leading to CO2 retention.

Increased Metabolic Rate

Fever

Pregnancy, Exercise, wound healing

Hyperventilation

Excessive ventilation causing CO2 loss.

Conditions Affecting Chest Wall Movement

Pregnancy, obesity, Influences of Chronic Lung Disease. Musculoskeletal Abnormalities.

Upper Respiratory Infections

Cold, Rhinosinusitis, Pharyngitis, Influenza

Lower Respiratory Infections

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Acute Bronchitis

Tuberculosis

Pulmonary System Abnormalities

Structure, airway inflammation/obstruction, alveolar-capillary membrane disorder, atelectasis

Dysrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms affecting cardiac function.

Stenosis

Narrowing of heart valves obstructing blood flow.

Regurgitation

Inadequate closure of heart valves causing backflow.

Myocardial ischemia

Reduced blood flow to heart muscle.

Angina

Chest pain due to inadequate oxygen supply.

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack from blocked blood flow.

Altered Cardiac Output

Failure of the heart to eject sufficient volume

Left-sided heart failure

Causes pulmonary congestion and hypoxia.

Right-sided heart failure

Results from pulmonary disease or left heart failure.

Weight Gain

JVD

Hepatomegaly

Splenomegaly

Dependent Peripheral Edema

Factors that influence oxygenation in Infants

Transition to life outside the uterus, congenital heart.

Respiratory infection

Airway Obstruction

Factors That influence Oxygenation in school-age and adolescents

Respiratory infection

Growth, diet, and obesity

Inactive lifestyles

Substance use/abuse

Factors that influence oxygenation adults

Lifestyle, stress, heredity, diet, sedentary, obesity. Substance use/abuse

Factors that influence oxygenation Older adults

Calcification of heart valves

Vascular stiffening, atherosclerosis

Increased Lt. ventricular thickness

Costal cartilage thickening, osteoporosis

Less effective couch

Factors that influence oxygenation - Environment

Allergic reactions and air quality

Altitude

Heat and cold

Factors that influence oxygenation- Lifestyle

Nutrition, Hydration, exercise, tobacco use, substance abuse. Stress response

Pulse oximetry

Measures blood oxygen saturation levels.

Capnography

Monitors end-tidal CO2 levels.

Arterial blood gases

Assess acid/base balance and oxygenation.

Eupneic

Normal breathing pattern.

Biot's breathing

Irregular breathing due to neuron damage.

Kussmaul breathing

Deep, labored breathing associated with acidosis.

Cheyne-Stokes breathing

Cyclic pattern of breathing with apnea.

Pulmonary Blood Vessels

Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs for oxygenation.

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Baroreceptors

Detect changes in blood pressure.

Baseline Rhythm

Normal heart rhythm for comparison.

Lethal Dysrhythmias

Life-threatening heart rhythm abnormalities.

Cardiac Monitoring

Purpose is to identify patients baseline rhythm and rate.

Recognize lethal dysrhythmias that require immediate intervention