chapter 1 test - Jerry Delgado

flashcards for chapter 1 test for Med Bio

Systems

A set of interacting components or parts; examples - person, classroom, cell, computers

inputs

what goes into a system

outputs

what comes out a system

opened system

both inputs and outputs flow in and out freely

closed system

the flow of input and output is limited

isolated system

inputs and outputs are contained.

what do inputs and outputs refer to?

energy, matter, information

what do controls give to the system?

Feedback

Feedback loop

when feedback/the inputs and outputs continue in a cycle

What is it when larger units cast a “larger picture”?

Emergent property

five interconnected spheres of earth

Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere, Anthrosphere

Biotic Factors

living or once living components

Abiotic Factors

Non-living components like energy and matter

Levels in ecosystems from small to big

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

terrestrial

land based ecosystem (29% of earth)

aquatic

water based ecosystem (71% of earth)

characters of living things

made up of one or more cells, grow, reproduce, evolve, respond to environmental changes, maintain Homeostatis (stable internal conditions)

Habitat

Include both biotic and abiotic; WHERE the organism lives

Ecological Niche

An environment that includes everything that the organism needs to survive and reproduce; HOW the organism lives within the habitat.

Ecosystem

complex relationship between organisms and their environment. there is a collecting of habitats in an ecosystem

Predation

when one organism captures and eats another organism

Competition

when organisms compete for limited resources such as food, shelter, water, space

symbiosis

relationships between different organisms

mutualism

both species benefit

commensalism

one benefit and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Parasitism

one benefit the other is harmed

Biodiversity

the measure of the number of different species found in an area

Keystone species

tend to be single species of individuals that has a strong affect on an entire ecosystem

Population density

how many individuals living in a given space

population density calculation

# of individuals/ area units

Clumped

occurs when resources are spread evenly; protection from predators, help to find mate

uniform

occurs when individuals compete; limited resources/territory, organisms maybe territorial

random

least common pattern; individuals are spread randomly, plants- wind, water, animal

Population sizes at different scales

population growth between species may vary from region to region or between ecosystems. this can be due to sample size and differences in what is being experienced by the sub-populations

population grow factors

immigration, emigration, birth rate, death rate ; side notes: environmental changes and available resources

exponential growth

any group of organisms that has an ideal amount of resources will rapidly increase in size in a short period of time. This occurs when organisms move into a uninhabited area and there are no predators, no competition, enough space ,plentiful resources, more births compared to deaths, more immigration compared to emigration.

logistic growth

occurs when populations are running low on resources and the growth of the population levels off to a size that the environmental can support.

carrying capacity

the maximum number of individuals that the environment can sustain and support. the carrying capacity can change at any time

Density-Dependent limiting factors

Competition, predation, parasitism, and disease.

Density-Independent limiting factors

Weather, natural disasters, human activity.

Disturbance

anything that causes change to the environment.

three types of disturbances

physical agent - tsunami destroying things, chemical agent - salt from ocean killing life, biological agent - introduction of new life

Natural disturbances

drought, tsunami, tornadoes, earthquake, volcanoes, lighting fires, flood

Human caused disturbances

some forest fires, human settlements (agriculture), urbanization, mining, water pollution, clear cutting fores, air pollution

disturbances can

destroy habitat, wipe out populations of organisms, contribute to loss of biodiversity, cause fragmentation of ecosystem, alter relationship among organisms, alter relationship among ecosystems, alter the cycle of abiotic factors.

ecosystem stability

all ecosystems are in a state of flux because temperature change, rainfall can change (amount and duration), introduction of new organisms

stable ecosystem

can bounce back from “normal disturbances.” Larger disturbances can threaten their stability.

Resilience

the ability of an ecosystem to bounce back after a disturbance. this is determined by its biodivserity and genetic diversity

complex ecosystem

more resilient than a simple ecosystem because there will be more species preforming the same function

genetic diversity

how much variation in DNA is among a group of species.

Resistance

the ability of an ecosystem to resist change caused by disturbances

stability and change in ecosystems

changes in habitat can affect an organisms’ survival. habitat changes can be small or large scaled

Ecological succession

a series of biotic changes that occur on bare land to create a community

primary succession

when an ecosystem is created from bare rock

secondary succession

when an ecosystem is developed on bare soil