Flashcards Land-Based Empires (1450–1750): Key Concepts and Historical Developments | Quizlet

What major transformation occurred in global power structures between 1450 and 1750?

The rise of powerful land-based empires due to gunpowder and centralized governments.

What were the four intertwined revolutions during the Renaissance?

Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment.

What cultural movement emphasized human achievement and secular concerns during the Renaissance?

Humanism.

Who posted the 95 Theses and initiated the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther.

What was the main criticism of the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

The sale of indulgences and papal overreach.

What invention by Gutenberg democratized knowledge during the Renaissance?

The movable-type printing press.

What was the scientific method?

A systematic process of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and mathematical verification.

What theory did Copernicus propose that challenged the geocentric model?

Heliocentrism, which posited that the sun is at the center of the solar system.

Who was the 'Sun King' and what was his significance?

Louis XIV, an absolutist ruler who centralized power in France.

What was the impact of the Thirty Years' War on the Holy Roman Empire?

It devastated the region, leading to a significant population loss and affirmed state sovereignty.

What was the role of the Janissary corps in the Ottoman Empire?

They were elite military units formed through the devshirme system.

Who founded the Mughal Empire in India?

Babur.

What was Akbar's approach to religious policy in the Mughal Empire?

He promoted religious tolerance and abolished the jizya tax.

What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes in France?

It granted religious tolerance to Huguenots but was later revoked by Louis XIV.

What was the primary economic focus of Portugal during the Age of Exploration?

Trade along the African coast, Indian Ocean, and Spice Islands.

What was the Time of Troubles in Russia?

A dynastic crisis that led to the establishment of the Romanov dynasty.

What was the Tokugawa Shogunate's policy regarding foreign influence in Japan?

The sakoku policy, which closed Japan to most foreign influence for over two centuries.

What was the Counter-Reformation?

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, reaffirming papal authority and banning indulgences.

What was the significance of the Council of Trent?

It reasserted Catholic doctrine and initiated reforms within the Church.

What was the role of Queen Nzinga in Angola?

She was a skilled diplomat and military leader who resisted Portuguese domination.

What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution on intellectual authority?

It shifted authority from scripture to nature, paving the way for the Enlightenment.

What was the primary grievance against the Catholic Church that led to the Protestant Reformation?

The sale of indulgences.

What were the main outcomes of the Glorious Revolution in England?

William and Mary accepted the English Bill of Rights, establishing constitutional monarchy.

What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?

It affirmed state sovereignty and ended the Thirty Years' War.

What characterized the Ottoman Empire's administrative system?

Timar land grants to military elites and relative religious tolerance.

What major event did the Spanish Armada's defeat signify?

The decline of Spanish power and the rise of England as a naval power.