Bones!

How many cervical vertebrae are there in the human spine?

a) 5

b) 7

c) 12

d) 8

B.) There are 7 cervical vertebrae in the human spine, labeled C1 to C7.

Which section of the vertebral column has the most vertebrae?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

B.) The thoracic section of the vertebral column has the most vertebrae, consisting of 12 vertebrae labeled T1 to T12.

How many thoracic vertebrae are present in the vertebral column?

a) 7

b) 10

c) 12

d) 5

C.) There are 12 thoracic vertebrae in the vertebral column, labeled T1 to T12.

The lumbar region of the vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae?

a) 5

b) 7

c) 12

d) 4

A.) The lumbar region of the vertebral column consists of 5 vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5.

Which section of the spine consists of fused vertebrae?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

D.) The sacral section of the spine consists of five fused vertebrae, forming the sacrum, which connects the spine to the pelvis.

Which region of the spine is most commonly affected by herniated discs due to heavy load-bearing?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

C.) The lumbar region is most commonly affected by herniated discs due to heavy load-bearing, as it bears the most weight and stress during activities.

Why are whiplash injuries most common in the cervical vertebrae?

a) The cervical vertebrae bear the most body weight

b) They are the least mobile vertebrae

c) They have the highest range of motion and flexibility

d) They are fused together

C.) Whiplash injuries are most common in the cervical vertebrae because they have the highest range of motion and flexibility, making them more susceptible to injury during sudden movements.

Scoliosis most often affects which section of the spine?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

B.) Scoliosis most often affects the thoracic section of the spine, leading to an abnormal lateral curvature that can impact posture and overall health.

What is the angle of the pubic arch in males compared to females?

a) Male: 80-90°, Female: 50-60°

b) Male: 60-70°, Female: 100-110°

c) Male: 50-60°, Female: 80-90°

d) Male: 70-80°, Female: 85-95°

C.) The angle of the pubic arch in males is typically 50-60°, while in females it is around 80-90°, reflecting differences in pelvic structure.

What does Wolff’s Law state about bone remodeling?

a) Bone only grows in response to hormonal signals.

b) Bone adapts to the mechanical stress placed upon it.

c) Bone remains constant throughout life without changes.

d) Bone weakens with age regardless of activity levels.

B.) Wolff's Law states that bone adapts to the mechanical stress placed upon it, meaning that bone density and structure change in response to the forces exerted on it.

According to Wolff’s Law, what happens to bone if mechanical stress increases?

a) Osteoblast activity decreases.

b) Osteoclast activity increases, causing bone resorption.

c) Bone becomes stronger and denser.

d) Bone remains the same regardless of stress.

C.) According to Wolff's Law, if mechanical stress increases, bone becomes stronger and denser as it adapts to the increased load.

Which of the following best describes the role of osteocytes in Wolff’s Law?

a) They act as bone sensors that detect mechanical strain.

b) They break down bone tissue to release calcium.

c) They primarily function in cartilage formation.

d) They only contribute to bone resorption.

a) They act as bone sensors that detect mechanical strain.

What happens to astronauts’ bones in space due to the lack of mechanical loading?

a) Bone mass increases due to zero gravity.

b) Osteoclast activity decreases, strengthening bones.

c) Bones become weaker and less dense due to low stress.

d) Bone structure remains unchanged.

c) Bones become weaker and less dense due to low stress.

Which part of the bone is responsible for responding to mechanical stress and initiating remodeling?

a) Osteons

b) Canaliculi

c) Osteocytes

d) Trabeculae

c) Osteocytes are responsible for responding to mechanical stress and initiating the remodeling process in bone.

What type of bone remodeling occurs in response to disuse or prolonged inactivity?

a) Increased osteoblast activity

b) Increased osteoclast activity leading to bone loss

c) Thickening of trabeculae in spongy bone

d) Formation of new Haversian canals

b) Increased osteoclast activity leading to bone loss.

Which of the following exercises would most effectively stimulate bone growth according to Wolff’s Law?

a) Swimming

b) Weightlifting and running

c) Cycling

d) Yoga

b) Weightlifting and running

How does Wolff’s Law explain differences in bone density between an athlete and a sedentary individual?

a) Both have the same bone density regardless of activity.

b) Athletes have denser bones due to repeated mechanical loading.

c) Sedentary individuals have stronger bones due to reduced strain.

d) Bone density is only determined by genetics, not activity.

b) Athletes have denser bones due to repeated mechanical loading.

What happens at the microscopic level when bones experience increased mechanical load?

a) Osteoclasts resorb bone to make room for new growth.

b) Osteocytes detect strain and signal osteoblasts to deposit new bone.

c) Bone matrix remains unchanged while cartilage thickens.

d) The periosteum completely dissolves.

b) Osteocytes detect strain and signal osteoblasts to deposit new bone.