Lesson 3-32 Vocabulary (plus some) - GREEK 111 and 112

Principal Parts

First Principal Part: present indicative active 1st person singular

Second Principal Part: future indicative active 1st person singular

Third Principal Part: aorist indicative active 1st person singular

Fourth Principal Part: perfect indicative active 1st person singular

Fifth Principal Part: perfect indicative middle/passive 1st person singular

Sixth Principal Part: aorist indicative passive 1st person singular

How to Form Present Active, Middle, and Passive Verbs

present stem (from first principal part) + primary ending (with the right voice)

How to Form Future Active, Middle, and Passive Verbs

future stem (from second principal part) + primary ending (with the right voice)

indicator of future = σ before ending (euphony for consonants)

How to Form Imperfect Active, Middle, and Passive Verbs

syllabic/temporal augment + present stem (from first principal part) + secondary ending (with the right voice)

How to Form First (Sigmatic/Weak) Aorist Indicative Verbs

syllabic/temporal augment + aorist stem (from third principal part) + secondary ending (with the right voice)

indicator of aorist = σ before ending (euphony for consonants)

How to Form Second (Asigmatic/Strong) Aorist Indicative Verbs

syllabic/temporal augment + root/basic stem + secondary ending (with the right voice)

How to Form First (Sigmatic) Aorist Imperative/Infinitive Verbs

aorist stem (from third principal part) + secondary ending (with the right voice)

indicator of aorist = σ before ending (euphony for consonants)

How to Form Perfect Active Verbs

perfect stem (from fourth principal part) + primary ending

How to Form Pluperfect Active Verbs

augment + perfect stem (from fourth principal part) + secondary ending

*if a verb reduplicates by adding ἐ- or by lengthening its initial vowel, its perfect stem will already have augmented form and can serve as the pluperfect stem with no further change

How to Form Perfect Middle/Passive Verbs

perfect stem (drop the κ, back to original form) + primary middle/passive endings (no thematic vowel)

*you may have to apply the principles of euphonics

How to Form Pluperfect Middle/Passive Verbs

augment+perfect stem (drop the κ, back to original form) + secondary middle/passive endings (no thematic vowel)

*you may have to apply the principles of euphonics

How to Form First Aorist Passive Verbs

augment+stem (from sixth principal part)+θε/θη+secondary active endings

How to Form First Future Passive Verbs

stem (from sixth principal part)+θε/θη+σ+primary middle/passive endings

Ending ω-group

Present Active Infinitive

Future Active Infinitive

*penult accent

*no augment

-ειν

Ending ω-group

Present Middle/Passive Infinitive

Future Middle Infinitive

(primary ending)

*antepenult accent

*no augment

-εσθαι

Endings ω-group

Present Active Indicative

Future Active Indicative

(primary ending)

*no augment

-ω -ομεν

-εις -ετε

-ει -ουσι(ν)

Endings ω-group

Present Middle/Passive Indicative

Future Middle Indicative

(primary ending)

*no augment

-ομαι -ομεθα

-ῃ/-ει -εσθε

-εται -ονται

Endings ω-group

Present Active Imperative

(no first person)

*no augment

-ε -ετε

-ετω -οντων

Endings ω-group

Present Middle/Passive Imperative

(no first person)

*no augment

-ου -εσθε

-εσθω -εσθων

Endings ω-group

Imperfect Active Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-ον -ομεν

-ες -ετε

-ε(ν) -ον

Endings ω-group

Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-ομην -ομεθα

-ου -εσθε

-ετο -οντο

Endings ω-group

First-Aorist Active Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-σα -σαμεν

-σας -σατε

-σε(ν) -σαν

Endings ω-group

First-Aorist Middle Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-σάμην -σάμεθα

-σω -σασθε

-σατο -σαντο

Endings ω-group

First-Aorist Active Imperative

*no augment

-σον -σατε

-σατω -σαντων

Endings ω-group

First-Aorist Middle Imperative

*no augment

-σαι -σασθε

-σασθω -σασθων

Endings ω-group

First-Aorist Active Infinitive

*penult accent

*no augment

-σαι

Endings ω-group

First-Aorist Middle Infinitive

*antepenult accent

*no augment

-σασθαι

Endings ω-group

Second-Aorist Active Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-ον -ομεν

-ες -ετε

-ε(ν) -ον

Endings ω-group

Second-Aorist Middle Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-ομην -ομεθα

-ου -εσθε

-ετο -οντο

Endings ω-group

Second-Aorist Active Imperative

*no augment

-ε -ετε

-ετω -οντων

Endings ω-group

Second-Aorist Middle Imperative

*no augment

-οῦ -εσθε

-εσθω -εσθων

Endings ω-group

Second-Aorist Active Infinitive

*ultima accent

*no augment

-εῖν

Endings ω-group

Second-Aorist Middle Infinitive

*penult accent

*no augment

-έσθαι

Endings ω-group

Perfect Active Indicative

(primary ending)

*no augment

-(κ)α -(κ)αμεν

-(κ)ας -(κ)ατε

-(κ)ε(ν) -(κ)ᾱσι(ν)

Endings ω-group

Pluperfect Active Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-(κ)η -(κ)εμεν

-(κ)ης -(κ)ετε

-(κ)ει(ν) -(κ)εσαν

Endings ω-group

Perfect Active Infinitive

*penult accent

*no augment

-(κ)έναι

Endings ω-group

Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative

(primary ending)

*no augment

-μαι -μεθα

-σαι -σθε

-ται -νται

Endings ω-group

Pluperfect Middle/Passive Indicative

(secondary ending)

*augment

-μην -μεθα

-σο -σθε

-το -ντο

Endings ω-group

Perfect Middle/Passive Infinitive

*penult accent

*no augment

-σθαι

Endings ω-group

Aorist Passive Indicative

*recessive accent

*augment

-θην -θημεν

-θης -θητε

-θη -θησαν

Endings ω-group

Aorist Passive Imperative

*recessive accent

*no augment

-θητι -θητε

-θητω -θεντων

Endings ω-group

Aorist Passive Infinitive

*penult accent

*no augment

-θῆναι

Endings ω-group

Future Passive Indicative

*recessive accent

*no augment

-θησομαι -θησομεθα

-θησει/-θησῃ -θησεσθε

-θησεται -θησονται

Accenting Infinitives

- persistent accent (finite forms of verbs are recessive)

- usually on penult?

Endings ω-group

Future Passive Infinitive

*antepenult accent

*no augment

-θησεσθαι

Singular Endings for First-Declension Feminine Nouns, ᾱ-stems

(preceding letter is ε, ι, or ρ)

-ᾱ, -ᾱς, -ᾳ (long α), -ᾱν, -ᾱ

Singular Endings for First-Declension Feminine Nouns, η-stems

(preceding letter is NOT ε, ι, or ρ)

-η, -ης, -ῃ, -ην, -η

Singular Endings for First-Declension Feminine Nouns, α/ᾱς subcategory

-α, -ᾱς, -ᾳ (long α), -αν, -α

*the nominative, accusative, and vocative are short alphas, dative and genitive stay the same

Singular Endings for First-Declension Feminine Nouns, α/ης subcategory

-α, -ης, -ῃ, -αν, -α

*the nominative, accusative, and vocative are short alphas, dative and genitive stay the same

Singular Endings for First-Declension Masculine Nouns, ᾱ-stems

(preceding letter is ε, ι, or ρ)

-ᾱς, -ου, -ᾳ (long α), -ᾱν, -ᾱ

Singular Endings for First-Declension Masculine Nouns, η-stems

(preceding letter is NOT ε, ι, or ρ)

-ης, -ου, -ῃ, -ην, -α/η

(voc sg. = -α if nom sg. ends in -της, is a compound, or is the name of a nationality

voc sg. = -η if none of these conditions are met)

Plural Endings for First-Declension Feminine Nouns, ᾱ-stems, η-stems

(includes α/ᾱς and α/ης subcategories) and First-Declension Masculine Nouns, ᾱ-stems, η-stems

-αι, -ων, -αις, -ᾱς, αι

Singular Endings for Second-Declension Masculine Nouns, ο-stems

-ος, -ου, -ῳ, -ον, -ε

Plural Endings for Second-Declension Masculine Nouns, ο-stems

-οι, -ων, -οις, -ους, -οι

Singular Endings for Second-Declension Neuter Nouns, ο-stems

-ον, -ου, -ῳ, -ον, -ον

Plural Endings for Second-Declension Neuter Nouns, ο-stems

-α, -ων, -οις, -α, -α

Singular Endings for Third-Declension Masculine/Feminine Nouns

--/-ς, -ος, -ι, -α/-ν, --/-ς

Plural Endings for Third-Declension Masculine/Feminine Nouns

-ες, -ων, -σι(ν), -ας, -ες

Singular Endings for Third-Declension Neuter Nouns

--, -ος, -ι, --, --

Plural Endings for Third-Declension Neuter Nouns

-α, -ων, -σι(ν), -α, -α

Determining the stem of a third-declension noun

the easiest way to determine the stem of a third-declension noun is to drop the -ος ending from the genitive singular

Special Features of the Third Declension - nominative singular

- nominative singular looks irregular, but there is a logic

- masc/fem nouns ending in a stop add -ς, then they follow the same "rules" of euphony as the formation of the future stem of verbs

- masc/fem nouns ending in a liquid or a nasal lengthen the stem's final vowel but do not add an ending

- if a stem ends in -οντ, the tau drops out, and the omicron is lengthened (goes to -ων)

- neuter nouns use their pure stem with no addition of an ending or lengthening of its final vowel as the nominative singular, but they drop any final consonant that is not allowed at the end of a Greek word

Special Features of the Third Declension - vocative forms

- the vocative singular is usually idential with the nominative singular (with two exceptions)

- masc/fem nouns with stems ending in a dental and masc/fem nouns with stems ending in an unaccented vowel + a liquid or a nasal use their PURE STEM as the vocative singular

- IF the pure stem ends in a consonant other than ν, ρ, ς, ξ, or ψ, that consonant DROPS OUT

- the vocative plural is always identical with the nominative plural

Special Features of the Third Declension - accusative forms

- every masc/fem noun whose stem ends in a consonant adds -α, and every masc/fem noun whose stem ends in a vowel adds -ν

- if a stem ends in an unaccented vowel followed by a dental, the dental drops out; since the stem now ends in a vowel, the proper ending is -ν

- to form the accusative plural, all masc/fem nouns add -ας

- in neuter nouns, the accusative forms are always identical with the nominative forms

Special Features of the Third Declension - dative forms

- the dative plural ends in -σι(ν)

- the combination of σ and the ending of the stem follows similar "rules" of euphony for future stems:

- labial + σ = ψ

- palatal + σ = ξ

- dental or ν + σ = σ (dental/ν drops out)

- οντ + σ = ουσ (both ν and τ drop out, and the ο of the stem lengthens to ου)

- movable ν is added to the dative-plural ending -σι just as it is to the verb-ending -σι

Special Features of the Third Declension - neuter forms stem-ending

no labial-stem, palatal-stem, or nasal-stem neuter nouns and only a few liquid-stem neuter nouns, but there are many dental-stem neuter nouns

Special Features of the Third Declension - accent

- generally persistent (wants to stay on the syllable accented in the nominative singular)

- BUT noun with monosyllabic stems are always accented on the ultima in the genitive and dative, singular and plural (with a circumflex above long vowel or diphthongs, otherwise with an acute)

Special Features of Sigma-Stem Nouns - Stem

- genitive singular with -ους ending could be an -ος or -ες stem noun

- BUT since there is only one -ος stem noun in Greek (αἰδώς), all other nouns with the -ους ending in the genitive singular are -ες stems

Special Features of Sigma-Stem Nouns - Nominative Singular

- all σ-stems use their pure stem

- BUT masc/fem εσ-stems and αἰδώς also lengthen their stem-vowel

- BUT neuter εσ-stems switch to variant of pure stem, with ο replacing ε as the final vowel

Special Features of Sigma-Stem Nouns - Masculine εσ-Stems

- masculine εσ-stems are all proper names, so they are seldom found in the plural

- they appear like first-declension masculines in the nom. sing., so be sure to check the gen. sing.

- τριήρης is the only feminine εσ-stem

Special Features of Sigma-Stem Nouns - Accusative Forms

- in the accusative singular, -εσα contracts to -η and -οσα contracts to -ω

- for plural masc/fem εσ-stems, the accusative plural borrows its ending from nominative plural (-εις)

- for neuter σ-stems, accusative form is idential with nominative in both singular and plural

Special Features of Sigma-Stem Nouns - Vocative Singular

- vocative singular of σ-stems is identical with the nominative singular

- BUT masc/fem εσ-stems use their pure stem

Special Features of Sigma-Stem Nouns - Accenting

- like contract verbs, accent is determined by placement in uncontracted forms

- accent on uncontracted forms is persistent

- EXCEPTION: vocative singular of masc εσ-stems have recessive accents

- EXCEPTION: gen. pl. of τριήρης has a recessive accent

Special Features of Third-Declension Vowel Stems - General

1. Accent is persistent and remains above the same letter as in the nominative singular (if possible)

2. Vocative singular is the pure stem with no ending attached (if stem ends on accented diphthong, accent will be circumflex

Special Features of Third-Declension Vowel Stems - ι-stem and υ-stem

- η replaces stem-vowel in genitive singular, and then, by the principle of quantitative metathesis, η becomes short, and ο becomes long

*the accent remains in its ORIGINAL POSITION

- ε replaces stem-vowel in dative singular and all the plural forms

*nom pl: epsilon contracts with vowel of ending

*accusative plural of ι-stem nouns, ending -εις is borrowed from the nom pl and used instead

*accent of genitive plural remains in its ORIGINAL POSITION on the ANTEPENULT (or other)

*masc/fem ι-stems and neuter υ-stems (for this book)

Special Features of Third-Declension Vowel Stems - ευ-stem

- stem used to be ηυ in every form except the vocative singular

- ηυ diphthongs transform when they come into contact with endings

- ηυ followed by consonant: η shortened to ε

- ηυ followed by vowel: υ first becomes digamma, then later drops out

*genitive plural, η is shorted to ε after the loss of the digamma

*rest of forms, loss of the digamma was followed by quantitative metathesis

*nom pl βασιλεῖς or βασιλῆς (alternate forms)

*masc ευ-stems (for this book)

Special Features of Third-Declension Syncopated Stems

1. -ερ stem for:

sg: acc and voc

pl: nom, gen, acc, voc

*voc sg has no ending

2. lengthened -ηρ stem for:

sg: nom (with no ending attached)

3. syncopated -ρ stem for:

sg: gen and dat

pl: dat (alpha inserted between rho and sigma)

4. Accenting

- accent wishes to remain above the stem-vowel

- if that stem-vowel disappears, the accent moves to the vowel that follows the ρ of the stem

*exceptions: nom sg of μήτηρ and θυγάτηρ (PENULT ACCENT) and voc sg of all three nouns has RECESSIVE ACCENT

Definite Article, Singular Feminine Forms

ἡ, τῆς, τῆι (iota subscript), τήν

Definite Article, Plural Feminine Forms

αἱ, τῶν, ταῖς, τάς (long α)

Definite Article, Singular Masculine Forms

ὁ, τοῦ, τῷ, τόν

Definite Article, Plural Masculine Forms

οἱ, τῶν, τοῖς, τούς

Definite Article, Singular Neuter Forms

τό, τοῦ, τῷ, τό

Definite Article, Plural Neuter Forms

τά, τῶν, τοῖς, τά

Endings for Adjectives: First/Second-Declension

same as masc, fem, and neuter forms for nouns (including the first-declension fem ᾱ/η stem difference)

fem endings: first-declension feminine pattern

masc endings: second-declension masculine pattern

neuter endings: second-declension neuter pattern

Endings for Adjectives: Third-Declension

same as nasal-stem nouns OR εσ-stem nouns

two-ending adjectives (no distinct set of endings for fem)

accenting:

recessive - in masc/fem voc sg and neuter nom/acc/voc sg

persistent - in all other forms (based on masc/fem nom sg)

Euphony (pleasing blend of sounds) - Future Tense

Present stem ends in a vowel or a diphthong: add a sigma to ending

Present stem ends in a labial (π, β, φ): labial + σ = ψ

Present stem ends in a palatal (κ, γ, χ): palatal + σ = ξ

Present stem ends in a dental (τ, δ, θ): dental + σ = σ

(^was σσ, but one σ dropped out)

Present stem ends in πτ: πτ + σ = ψ (τ drops out)

Present stem ends in ττ: ττ + σ = ξ

Present stem ends in a ζ: ζ + σ = σ

(^was σσ, but one σ dropped out)

Euphony - Perfect and Pluperfect Middle/Passive

*consonants either transform into and/or combine to make another consonant or simply disappear

1. Before μ

- labial, πτ + μ = μμ

- palatal, ττ + μ = γμ

- dental, ζ, ν + μ = σμ

- λ, ρ + μ = λμ, ρμ

2. Before σ

- labial, πτ + σ = ψ

- palatal, ττ + σ = ξ

- dental, ζ + σ = σ

- λ, ρ, ν + σ = λσ, ρσ, νσ

3. Before σθ

- labial, πτ + σθ = φθ

- palatal, ττ + σθ = χθ

- dental, ζ + σθ = σθ

- λ, ρ, ν + σθ = λθ, ρθ, νθ

4. Before τ

- labial, πτ + τ = πτ

- palatal, ττ + τ = κτ

- dental, ζ + τ = στ

- λ, ρ, ν + τ = λτ, ρτ, ντ

5. Before ν

- verbs with stems ending in a consonant do not use the endings -νται and -ντο

- to form the (plu)perfect third-person plural middle/passive indicative for a consonant-stem verb, use εἰσί(ν) or ἦσαν with a perfect middle/passive participle

Indicative Past Augments (how they change for vowels/consonants)

Present stem begins with a consonant: ἐ-

Present stem begins with a rho: ἐρ-

Present stem begins with α or ε: α/ε becomes η

Present stem begins with ι: ι becomes ῑ

Present stem begins with υ: υ becomes ῡ

Present stem begins with ο: ο becomes ω

Present stem begins with αι or ει: αι/ει becomes ῃ

*sometimes ει stays as ει

Present stem begins with αυ or ευ: αυ/ευ becomes ηυ

*sometimes αυ/ευ stays as αυ/ευ

Present stem beings with οι: οι becomes ῳ

**No augment is needed if the present stem already begins with one of these long vowels or diphthong (An initial ᾱ is usually changed to η, an initial ᾱι (iota subscript) is usally changed to ῃ, and an intiial ου is left unchanged)

Reduplication - Rules/How-To

*signal of perfective aspect

basic stem begins with ONE consonant (not rho) OR with a STOP followed by a LIQUID/NASAL:

- reduplicate the stem by adding a two-letter PREFIX: the stem's initial consonant followed by an epsilon

*if the basic stem's initial consonant is an ASPIRATED STOP (φ, θ, χ), the corresponding smooth stop (π, τ, κ) is used in place of it as the first letter of the prefix

ALL OTHER CASES (i.e., if the basic stem begins with a vowel or with rho or with a double consonant (ψ, ζ, ξ) or with two or more consonants that are not stop + liquid/nasal):

- reduplicating the stem is identical with AUGMENTING it

*If there is another prefix on the verb, the reduplication goes in between the other prefix and the stem of the verb (similarly to how the augment also goes in between)

First vs. Second Perfects/Pluperfects

- first (plu)perfects: forms with κ

*basic stem ends in vowel, dental, ζ, liquid, or nasal

- second (plu)perfects: forms with no κ

*basic stem ends in labial, -πτ, palatal, or -ττ

rules with κ:

- κ is omitted when the reduplicated stem ends in a labial or a palatal or -πτ/-ττ

- along with the aforesaid, there may be a change in the labial/palatal consonant or in the stem-vowel or in both (ε-grade in present often becomes ο-grade in perfect)

Exceptions for forming imperfects (verbs that don't follow the regular "rules")

ἔχω -> εἶχον, not ἦχον

εὑρίσκω -> εὕρισκον or ηὕρισκον

What do the stems of contract verbs end in?

-α, -ε, or -ο

What do the stems of contracted future verbs end in?

a liquid (λ/ρ), a nasal (μ/ν), or ζ

*often have a future that looks like the present tense of a -εω contract verb

Contractions Found in Contract Verbs and Sigma-Stem Nouns

α + α/ε/η = ᾱ

α + ει/ῃ = ᾳ

α + ι = αι

α + ο/ου/ω = ω

α + οι = ῳ

ε + ε/ει/ι = ει

ε + α/η = η

ε + ῃ = ῃ

ε + ο/ου = ου

ε + οι = οι

ε + ω = ω

ο + ε/ο/ου = ου

ο + ει/ῃ/ι/οι = οι

ο + α/η/ω = ω

General Principles for Contracting Vowels

1) the result of every contraction is either a long vowel or a diphthong

2) dominance of the ο/ω (ο/ω- sound prevails over an α/ᾱ-sound or an ε/η-sound, regardless of which of the two sounds comes first)

3) α/ᾱ and ε/η: first to arrive wins (the first of the two sounds prevails)

4) preservation of iota (iota in a diphthong is never lost through contraction, but it is written as a subscript if the new diphthong begins with a long vowel)

*exception is present active infinitives for -αω and -οω (diphthong ει is treated as if it were a single epsilon)

5) two epsilons contract to ει, not η; two omicrons contract to ου, not ω; epsilon and omicron, regardless of their order contract to ου, not ω

(basically: if a contraction involves only epsilons, only omicrons, or only an epsilon and an omicron, a diphthong rather than a long vowel will be the result)

Accents in Contractions

IF...

1) NEITHER of the contracting vowels/diphthongs has an accent on it, the ACCENT STAYS where it is, undististurbed

2) the SECOND of the contracting vowels/diphthongs has an acute accent on it, the resulting long vowel/diphthong is also an ACUTE

3) the FIRST of the two contracting vowels/diphthongs has an acute accent on it, the accent on the resulting long vowel/diphthong is a CIRCUMFLEX

What do contract verbs do in tenses not built off of the present stem?

the final vowel of the stem is lengthened (α → ᾱ if ε, ι, or ρ precedes, otherwise η; ε → η; ο → ω), and then the normal endings are added

What do liquid/nasal verbs do to form the aorist tense?

- either add η (a lengthened ε) + σα to their present stem

- OR add σα, drop σ, and lengthen their stem vowel (α→η, or, after ι or ρ, ᾱ; ε→ει)

How do you form the future of contracted future verbs?

*with the present tense of liquid and nasal verbs, the final liquid/nasal is often doubled to make the present stem

*the basic stem typically only has one nasal/liquid

the future tense is built on the basic stem with -εσ- + primary endings, but σ drops out, and ε contracts with the following vowel

with -ζω verbs, add σ to the present stem, and then the ζ acts like a dental and drops out

*with some -ζω verbs, an ε is inserted after the σ, then the σ drops out, and contraction occurs

What is the hierarchy of vowel sounds for contract verbs?

ο/ω > α/η > ε/ει