Sodium Disorders: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary related to sodium disorders, specifically hyponatremia and hypernatremia, including definitions, causes, symptoms, and treatments.

Hyponatremia

Serum sodium levels less than 135mEq/L.

Hypernatremia

Serum sodium levels greater than 145mEq/L.

Hypotonic Hyponatremia

Caused by fluid retention that dilutes sodium levels.

Hypertonic Hyponatremia

Results from translocation of water from ICF to ECF, often due to hyperglycemia.

Euvolemic Hypotonic Hyponatremia

Dilution of Na+ levels due to water retention while ECF remains within normal range.

Hypovolemic Hypotonic Hyponatremia

Caused by water and sodium loss where fluid loss is replaced with water only.

Hypervolemic Hypotonic Hyponatremia

Occurs in conditions with edema, such as congestive heart failure.

Manifestations of Hyponatremia

Muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, lethargy, seizures, and coma.

Treatment for Hyponatremia

Treat the underlying cause; may include limiting fluid intake or administering NaCl IV.

Causes of Hypernatremia

Fluid loss, impaired thirst mechanism, or sodium gain from medications.

Manifestations of Hypernatremia

Increased thirst, decreased urine output, increased urine osmolality, headache, restlessness, and dry skin.