APES: Human Population Notes

Population Change

An increase or decrease in population

Population Change Equation

(Births+Immigration) - (Deaths+Emigration)

Birth Rate

Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

Crude Birth Rate

Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

Death Rate

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

Crude Death Rate

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

State in which there is no population growth.

Replacement-level Fertility

Number of children a couple must have to replace themselves. The average for a country or the world is usually slightly higher than 2 children per couple because some children die before reaching their reproductive years.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

An estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

Infant mortality Rate

Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday.

Migration

Population movement into (immigration) and out of (emigration) a geographic area.

Age Structure

Percentage of the population (or the number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.

Demographic Transition

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates.

Family Planning

Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

Reasons for High Population Growth in US

1. Large number of baby boom women in reproductive years

2. Large number of unmarried mothers

3 High fertility rates in certain ethnic groups

4. high levels of immigration

5. Inadequate family planning services

World Bank

An international organization that fights poverty by offering developmental assistance to middle-income and low-income countries.

Factors Increasing Birth Rates and TFR

1. Low education

2. High numbers of children in labor force

3. Low urbanization

4. Low cost of raising/educating children

5. Low education/employment opportunities for women

6. High infant mortality

7. Low average age at marriage

8. Low public private pension

9. Availability of legal abortions

10. Low availability of birth control

11. Certain factors of religion, tradition, and culture

Affects of Death Rate

1. Increased food supplies and distribution

2. Better nutrition

3. Medical and health technology improvements

4.Improved sanitation and personal hygiene

5. Safer water supplies

Factors that Determine Quality of Life

1. Life Expectancy has been increasing (Ex. 48 in 1955 to 66 in 1998

2. High infant mortality rate due to under nutrition, malnutrition, and infectious diseases

Reasons for Population Migration

1. Economic benefits

2. Environmental Refugees- Move for drought, desertification, deforestation, soil, erosion, resource shortage

3. Traditional Refugees- Move for politics, religion, ethnic strife, war

4. Global warming causes more environmental refugees

5. Most countries cap immigration

6. Migration from rural to urban

Population Momentum

Idea that many people under 15 will cause population to rise quickly

(32% of world is under 15)

Effects of Population Decrease

1. Lack of youth-dominated structure

2. 1/8 of humanity has stable population

3. Gradual decline is manageable

4. Severe decline leads to economic/social downturn (Social Security, Low labor force)

5. To Compensate: Massive immigration or entice more births.

Demographic Transition

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates.

Stages of Demographic Transition

1. Pre-industrial- High birth and death rates

2. Transitional- Industrial increasing, food production increasing, health care increasing

3. Industrial- Widespread of industrialization, birth rate drops

4. Postindustrial- Birth rate=death rate; slow decrease, emphasis on sustainable economy.

China Case Studies

-Reduced birthrate from 5.7 to 1.8 children per family

-Incentives: Extra food, full medical care, salary bonuses

-Couples encouraged to post pone marrage and have 1 child

-Couples are punished for unapproved pregnancies (Ex. Fines, food, jobs, loans, etc.)

-Free sterilization, abortion, birth control provided by government

-Dictatorship

Thailand Case Studies

-Decreased growth rate from 3.2% to 1.4%

-Family planning supported by government

-Constitutional monarch

-Increase women literacy rate and right's

India Case Studies

-Population has doubled

-50,000 new births each day

-1/3 population earns < 40 cents per day

-Forced Sterilization failure:

1. Low status of women

2. Favoring male children

3. Democratic

4. Extreme poverty

Uganda Case Studies

-Highest HIV rate

-Developed extension education campaign

California Case Studies

-Population has tripled (since 1950)

-Wetlands gone (water shortage)

-Loss of soils (Salinization/water logging)

-Air pollution

UN Conference on Population (Cairo 1994)

-Goal? Stabilize human population at 7.8 billion by 2050

Components:

1. Provide Family Planning

2. Promote assistance to countries in need

3. Address issues of gender equity

4. Address issues of equal access to education

5. Educate men in areas of empowerment of women,

family planning.