CPI 7 Water processes

Ion Exchange

Removal of NH3 Exchange with Ca

Zeolite Water Softerning

Began on the 1st Decade of the 20th Century

Processed Greensand

Bentonitic Clay

Synthetic Gel type minerals

Synthetic Resin Exhangers

Type of Ion Exhcanges

Inorganic Zeolites

Composed Principally of Hydrated Alkali alumina-silicates

Polystyrene-Based Sulfonated-synthetic-resin type

Sulfonated-coal type

2 Most widely used Hydrogen Cation Exchangers

large Closed Cylindrical Tank

Automatic Zeolite Softener

Equipment used in Ion Exhange

Cation Organic Exchanger

Anion Organic Exchanger

Two Classes of Ion Exchange

Synthetic Organic Resin

Processed Natural Organic Materials

Ion Exchange Cation types

Highly Basic type

Weakly Basic Type

Ion Exchange Anion types

Lime-Soda Process

Method of Softening Hard water

Hot or Cold

Lime-Soda Process is carried out either __________

Carbonate

Magnesium

Sulfate

Micro-organism

Dissolved Organic Matter

Lime soda process removes

30 mg/L

minimum calcium hardness can be achieve

10 mg/L

minimum magnesium hardness can be achieve

Power Plants

Textile Industries

Breweries & Distilleries

Oil Refineries

Municipal Water Treatment

Industries that uses Lime soda processfor water softening includeL

Phosphate Conditioning

Process used in Internal Conditioning of Boiler water and Conditioning of cooling & Process water

9.5

calcium cannot be precipitated below a pH of ____

Scale Formation

avoided in high pressure boilers by adding sodium phosphate

Trisodium Phosphate

Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate

Types of Phosphates

Trisodium Phosphate

Alkaline in nature: used when alkalinity is low or highly acidic water

Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate

weakly Alkaline: Used when Alkalinity is sufficient or slightly acidic water

Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate

Acidic: Used when Alkalinity is High

Storage Systems

Chemical Feed Equipment

Monitoring Equipment

Control Systems

Equipment Used in Phosphate Conditioning

Corrosion Control

pH adjustmnets

2 types of Phosphate Conditioning

Corrosion Control

Phosphate provides a Protective Layer on the metal surface of the pipe

pH Adjustments

Phosphate conditioning helps maintain the pH levels of water within operational range

Easy operation

Used for neutral water

Applied to high pressure boilers

highly acidic or alkaline water can be treated

water of nearly zero hardness can be obtained

Advantages of Phosphate Conditioning

Silica Removal

Prevents premature wear or damage to industrial equipment

Si- Silica

28% of Earth’s crust is composed of____

Granular

Colloidal

Ionic

Types of Silica

Granular

Exist in water as relatively large particles

Colloidal

consist of finer particles comparative to granular

Ionic

consist of finer particles comparative to colloidal

Limes softening

Ultrafiltration

Reverse Osmosis

Methods of Removing Silica

Lime Softening

Process where calcium hydroxide is added to water to remove hardness via precipitation

Ultra Filtration

Uses a flexible filter with tiny pores

Reverse Osmosis

Uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate out ions and particles from a liquid stream

Reduce energy consumption & maintenance expense

Guarantee high-quality water

Increase equipment Lifespan

Benefits of Silica Removal

Deaerator

a device that is used for the removal of Dissolved Gases

Spray-Type

also know as “Spray-Scrubber” composed of a single horizontal or vertical vessel

Tray-type

also known as “ Spray-Tray” usually comprises two vessels

Spraying

Stream Flow

Stream Scrubbing

Venting

Process in Deaeration

Henry’s law

Inverse Solubility of Water

Principles involved in Deaeration of water

Chemical Scavengers

used to react with residual oxygen to ensure complete removal of oxygen

Sodium Sulfite

Hydrazine

Carbohydrazide

Examples of Chemical Scavengers

Demineralization

Process of removing Dissolved minerals from water using Ion Exchange

Desalination

Process of removing Salts and Impurities from sea water to produce fresh portable water

Cation Exchange

Anion Exchange

Process involve in Demineralization

Cation Exchange Unit

Anion Exchange Unit

Mixed-Bed Exchange

Regeneration System

Equipment used in Demineralization

Reverse Osmosis

Multi-Stage Flash Distillation

Electrodialysis

Chemical & Physical Reactions Involved in Desalitation

High-Pressure Pumps

RO membranes

Energy recovery devices

Equipment used in Desalination (Reverse Osmosis)

Boilers/heaters

Flash Chambers

Condensers

Equipment used in Desalination (Multi-Stage Flash Distillation)

Electrodialysis stack

Electrodes(anodes &cathods)

PSU

Equipment used in Desalination (ElectroDialysis)

Water Purification

Removal of Organic matter and Micro-Organism from untreated water to produce safe & clean drinking water

1. Coagulation-Flocculation

2. Sedimentation

3. Filtration

4. Disinfection

Water purification process

Filtration

Sedimentation

Physical Methods of purification

Filtration

Physical Methods of filtration Type: Uses physical Barriers

Sedimentation

Physical Methods of filtration Type: Gravity-Based Separation

Chemical Coagulation

Flocculation

Disinfection

Chemical methods of Purification

Chemical Coagulation

Chemical methods of Purification Type: neutralizes the charge & forms a gelatinous mass

Flocculation

Chemical methods of Purification Type: Helps particles bind together into larger clumps

Disinfection

Chemical methods of Purification Type: Eliminates Pathogens

Coagulation: Chemical mixing tanks, Dosing pumps

Sedimentation: Clarifier tanks , Settler Units

Filtration: Membrane Filters, Sand Filters, Carbon Filters

Disinfection: Chlorine Dosing, UV units, Ozone genarators

Equipment used in Purification

Coagulation reaction

Purification Chemical reaction types: Removes suspended particles using coagulants to form large clumps

Disinfection Reaction

Purification Chemical reaction types: Kill harmful Micro-organism

Alum

Common coagulant in water treatment

Metal Salt Coagulation

Coagulation reactions: uses metal coagulants like aluminum sulfate

Chlorination

Coagulation reactions: Water disinfection method that uses chlorine

Hypochlorous acid

Enters microbes and disrupts their functions

Ozonation

Coagulation reactions: uses ozone to purify water