ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

rome

A city in the central part of Italy which according to tradition was founded by Romulus and Remus in 758B.C.

tiber river

city of rome started along the banks of what river

rome

The ancient capital of Roman Empire and site of Vatican City, these at authority of the Roman Catholic Church

Mediterranean Sea

What sea doe rome have a commanding position which enabled to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilization over Western Asia and North Africa

Concrete

was the chief building materials, which made up of stone or brick rubble and mortar of which the important ingredient was pozzolana

pozzolana

derived from one of the primary deposits of volcanic ash used by the Romans in Italy, at Pozzuoli

North, Central and South Italy

It has variety of climatic conditions in three regions namely:

Religion

became a part of the constitution of the state which they venerated (respect) more their emperors than their gods and because of this attitude; there were fewer temples for worship.

Etuscan or Etruscan and Roman

2 periods of development of rome

Etuscan or Etruscan

notable for the use of the true & radiating arch and they were the earliest civilization and great builders

Etuscan or Etruscan

nvented the Tuscan capital • their temples were oriented at the south

roman

adopted the columnar and trabeated style of the Greeks

roman

developed the arch, vault and dome of the Etruscan

Tumuli in the Banditacci Necropolis

buried several generations of families in multi-chambered rock-cut underground tombs covered by great earthen mounds (tumuli)

etruscan urns and sacrophagus

types of burials during the etruscan period

Etruscan temple

based on the description by the roman architect, vitruvius, Steps led up to a platform (podium), across which was a wide portico.

Tarquinia, Ara della Regina

ruins of the largest known Etruscan Temple

tuscan, doric, ionic, corinthian, composite

5 classical orders or types of capitals

tuscan

The simplest and counterpart of the Doric

composite

Combination of Ionic and Corinthian. The most ornamented

tuscan order and capital

etruscan order; an older primitive Italic architectural form, predating the Greek Doric and Ionic

tuscan order and capital

associated with the practice of rustication and the architectural practice of Tuscany

tuscan order and capital

a simplified Roman Doric characterized by an unfluted column and a plain base, capital and entablature having no decoration other than moldings

abacus, echinus, necking, astragal, part of shaft

top parts of tuscan order (5)

COMPOSITE ORDER & CAPITAL

is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order

COMPOSITE ORDER & CAPITAL

popular especially since beginning of the Renaissance but invented by the ancient Romans, in which the Corinthian order is modified by super imposing four diagonally set Ionic volutes on a bell of Corinthian acanthus leaves

fleuron, egg and dart, volute, acanthus leaves, central rib or leaf spine

top parts of composite order (5)

arches, vault systems, domes

early innovations in architecture and engineering developments were pioneered and invented by Romans. Most likely:

adaptation of temples, public buildings, orders and the capitals

origin of Roman was also influenced when Greek finally captured and conquered tremendously especially where

Vastness and Magnificence Ostentation and Ornateness

architecture character of roman architecture

brick and concrete construction

architectural character of romans which employs such features as the semicircular arch, the barrel and groin vaults and the dome

greek orders

The elaboration of which orders as purely decorative motifs for the adornment of facade and the interior

marble linings, mosaics, molded stucco

architectural character that romans use for interiors

roman arch

was the foundation of Rome’s architectural mastery and massive expanse of building across the ancient world

arch

a curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression

crown

the HIGHEST PART OR POINT of a convex construction, as an arch

EXTRADOS

the EXTERIOR CURVE surface of the visible face of an arch

impost

the uppermost part of an abutment often in the form of a block or capital I

archivolt (face)

the moulding or band on the face of an arch following the curve of the intrados

springer

the FIRST VOUSSOIR resting on the impos

spring

the point at which an arch, vault, or dome rises from its support. Also called SPRINGING

keystone

The WEDGE- SHAPED often embellished voussoir in place

riser

The HEIGHT of an arch from the springing line to the highest point of the intrados

intrados

The INNER CURVE or surface of an arch forming a concave underside

haunch

Either side of an arch curving down from the crown to the impost

VOUSSOIR

Any of the wedge shaped units in a masonry arch or vault having side cuts converging at one of the arch centers

spandrel

The triangular shaped sometimes ornamented between the extrados of 2 adjoining arches, or between the left or right extrados of an arch

vault

is simply "a roof or ceiling in the form of an arch or a series of arches supported by walls or columns

Dome

is a rounded vault made up of curved segments (an arch rotated around an vertical axis ,in form of a half hollow sphere)

Vault

was created by the extrusion of an arch along an axis

dome

was formed by rotating the arch 360 degrees through its center

less interior supports led to uninterrupeted interior space

the use of vaults

Barrel, Groin vault with intersecting vault, Fenestrated sequence of groin vault, Hemispherical dome with oculus/cupola

types of roman vaults

barrel vault

semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel walls throughout its length

groin vault

formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of equal span (used over square apartment or bays)

arch

was one of the earliest technological advancements that becomes a trademark of Roman architecture.

aqueduct

is a water distribution system invented by Romans that brought water from as far away as 60 miles

aqueduct

a pipe or channel built to carry water between distant places

aqueduct

moved water through gravity alone along a slight overall downward gradient

pont-du-gard-aqueduct nimes, france

Built in the first century AD to carry water over 50KM to the Roman colony of Nemausus

pont-du-gard-aqueduct

Crosses the GARDON RIVER near town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in Southern France

pont-du-gard-aqueduct

one of the best preserved and the HIGHEST OF ALL ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES

pont-du-gard-aqueduct

was built by Marcus Agrippa (also the builder of the original Pantheon)

8, 11, 35 arches

3 levels of pont-du-gard-aqueduct

aqueduct of segovia, spain

Built during the second half of the first century AD under the Roman Empire ruling • Supplied water from FRIO RIVER

aqueduct of segovia, spain

TWO STOREY ARCADED PILLARS AND ARCHES made of solid blocks of stones

aqueduct of segovia, spain

A unique structure that still conveys its original character and remains a prominent and evocative feature of the regional landscape

aqueduct of segovia, spain

Represents both expansion of the Roman Empire and the attention to aesthetics and functionality

AQUA APPIA

FIRST AQUEDUCT built was in 312BCand in terms of level, it was the lowest of all aqueducts

11

rome had how many ancient aqueducts

arch of titus

Erected by Domitian to commemorates the victories of his father Vespasian and brother Titus (Jewish war in Judaea)

arch of titus

Also political and religious statement expressing the divinity of the late emperor Titus

keystone

in the arch of titus, what is representing Roma and the genius of the Roman people

inner archway

in the arch of titus, it coffered with a central representation of deified Titus

temple of solomon treasure

treasure and chariot panel within the archway of arch of titus

quadriga

detailed relief of the chariot panel as Titus being crowned and riding a four-horse chariot also known as what

WINGED RELIEFS

in the arch of titus, it stands on a globe holding a banners, trophies, laurel wreaths, and palm fronds

arch of constantine

Dedicated to Emperor Constantine the Great to commemorate his victory over Maxentius (Battle of Milvian Bridge 312AD

arch of constantine

largest surviving and great monunet of Roman triumphal arch in Imperial Rome

Marcus Aurelius

8 Luna marble panels taken from arch of what that is showing scenes where the emperor, re-cut to resemble CONSTANTINE. WAR (SOUTH SIDE), CIVIC DUTIES (NORTH SIDE

WAR (SOUTH SIDE) and CIVIC DUTIES (NORTH SIDE)

scenes where the emperor in the arch of constantine, re-cut to resemble CONSTANTINE

Carrara marble, Luna marble to the Romans

is a type of white or bluegrey marble popular for use in sculpture and building decor

successful hunts and sacrificial ceremonies

the 8 detailed roundels in the arch of constantine in honor of hadrian

lion, bear, boar

the detailed roundels in arch of constantine that depict a successful hunts

hercules, diana, apollo and silvanus

the SACRIFICIAL CEREMONIES detailed roundels in arch of constantine in honor of who

ARCH OF SEPTIMUS SEVERUS

among the best-preserved monumen

ARCH OF SEPTIMUS SEVERUS

erected by the “Senate and people of Rome” to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the accession of Emperor Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla

LEFT PANEL RELIEF

relief in arch of septimus severus that shows army leaving the camp, Severus speaking before his troops, and liberation of Nisibis

RIGHT PANEL RELIEF

relief in arch of septimus severus that siege machines attacking the city of Edessa, Parthian’s surrendering to Severus, war council and new campaign

ARCH OF SEPTIMUS SEVERUS

Commemorate the Roman victories over the Parthians and One of the most richly decorated arches

ARCH OF SEPTIMUS SEVERUS

Stands in the Forum Romanum as a lasting and imposing monument to Roman vanity

ARCH OF SEPTIMUS SEVERUS

Detailed relief decoration depicting scenes from the military campaigns in Parthia (seasons, deities, and victories

ARCH OF SEPTIMUS SEVERUS

small FRIEZE which depicts triumphal procession where booty and prisoners are shown

flavian amphitheatre

Construction started under the reign of Vespasian and officially opened by Titus built for Gladiatorial combats, public spectacles such animal hunts, battles, re - enactment of famous battles, executions and dramas

Flavian Amphitheatre

A GIFT TO ROMAN CITIZENS

Flavian Amphitheatre

Largest amphitheater ever built in the Roman world carrying of about 50 ,000 to 80 ,000 spectators • Titus dedicated the Colosseum with a festival including 100 days of games

hierarchy

roman colossuem was sectioned according to what

maenianum secundum in legneis

section in roman colosseum for the poorest of the poor and women