(A) Canine and Feline Skeletal Disorders

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

synovial fluid

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

normal

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

articular cartilage

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

subchondral bone

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

osteophyte

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

articular cartilage degradation

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

inflamed synovium

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

thickened joint capsule

what is it (Osteoarthritis)

ostearthritis

Osteoarthritis aka (Osteoarthritis)

degenerative joint disease

DJD stands for (Osteoarthritis)

degenerative joint disease

Osteoarthritis is a progressive — — of — (Osteoarthritis)

inflammatory disease of joints

how does Osteoarthritis occur (5) (Osteoarthritis)

1. the process often starts in the joint (articular) cartilage that covers the smooth joint (articular) surfaces of the bones

2. Something upsets the normal remodeling process of the cartilage causing removal to outpace repair

3. This leads to progressive thinning of the protective cartilage layer and can lead to exposure of the underlying bone

4. result in bone-to-bone contact replacing the normal cartilage-to-cartilage contact.

5. The ensuing trauma to the bone surfaces causes the smooth articular surfaces to become roughened.

Osteoarthritis leads to (5) (Osteoarthritis)

1. buildup of fluid within the joint

2. osteophytes around the joint

3. bone spurs around the joint

4. narrowing of the joint space

5. pain.

what causes Osteoarthritis (7) (Osteoarthritis)

1. Aging

2. Trauma

3. Bone and joint malformation

4. Infection

5. Immune mediated

6. Idiopathic

7. immune system dysfunction

clinical signs of Osteoarthritis in dogs (9) (Osteoarthritis)

1. Pain

2. Lameness

3. Decreased activity

4. Stiffness when raising from rest

5. Behavioral changes

6. Joint distention

7. Muscle atrophy

8. thickening and scarring of joint membranes

9. Difficulty navigating stairs or jumping on couches

clinical signs of Osteoarthritis in cats (11) (Osteoarthritis)

1. hesitation to jump

2. difficulty with stairs

3. reduced activity

4. more time spent resting

5. more time sleeping

6. temperament changes

7. irritability

8. reluctance to be handled or petted

9. matted

10. scruffy coat

11. reduction in grooming

define atrophy (Osteoarthritis)

shrinkage

how to diagnose Osteoarthritis (4) (Osteoarthritis)

1. Radiographs

2. Arthroscopy

3. CT

4. MRI

what would be seen in a physical exam for Osteoarthritis (4ish) (Osteoarthritis)

1. Changes in gait

2. changes in posture

3. Abnormal palpable changes to joints such as swelling or crepitus

4. Pain

define crepitus (Osteoarthritis)

any grating, crackling, popping, or crunching sound and sensation that happens in a joint during movement

how to treat Osteoarthritis (Osteoarthritis) (7)

1. Weight reduction

2. Physical rehabilitation

3. Low impact activities

4. Pain management

5. Joint support

6. Use of non-slip rugs and ramps to get on beds, couches or cars

7. surgery

Canine Hip Dysplasia Is an abnormal — of the — joint

laxity, coxofemoral

what are the 2 forms of canine hip displasia

1. Acetabular Hip Dysplasia

2. Femoral Hip Dysplasia

define Acetabular canine Hip Dysplasia

Inability of the femoral head to join into the developing acetabulum causes damage to the dorsal rim

define Osteophytes

extra growths of bone tissue that form along the edges of bones and joint

what causes canine hip displasia (12)

1. Inherited

2. high calorie diet

3. excessive growth

4. difference between the muscle mass and bone development

5. Failure of surrounding soft tissue to maintain the joint congruity

6. Puppies of dysplastic parents

7. larger breeds are affected more

8. Genetic predisposition

9. Environment

10. Failure of the soft tissues of the hip to maintain joint congruity between the surfaces of the hip joint, resulting in bony changes within the joint

11. Young dogs between 5 and 8 months of age

12. mature animals with chronic disease

define polygenic

a trait or health condition that is controlled by the combined action of multiple genes rather than a single gene

clinical signs of canine hip dysplasia (general) (4)

1. Difficulty in rising

2. stiffness that diminishes as the animal warms up on exercise

3. Pain is elicited on palpation of the dorsal pelvic area or over the hip joint

4. may affect mobility significantly

the severe form of canine hip dysplasia affects what age range

5 - 8 months old

clinical signs of the Severe form of canine hip dysplasia (12)

1. sudden onset of lameness

2. pain

3. difficulty rising - will use front legs to push itself up

4. Decreased activity

5. Some are unable to stand or walk

6. Bunny hop gait in hind limbs

7. thigh and gluteal muscles atrophy

8. On palpation dogs are painful in the hip joint

9. Reduced range of motion

10. Crepitation

11. Pain during flexion and extension

12. Joint laxity

define joint laxity

your ligaments are loose, allowing your joints to have a wider or looser range of motion than normal

define Crepitation

An audible creaking, cracking sound

what age (super general) does the chronic form of canine hip dysplasia affect

older dogs

clinical signs of the chronic form of canine hip dysplasia (8)

1. Gradual onset because of development of osteoarthritis

2. Lameness unilateral or bilateral

3. Difficulty rising

4. Atrophy of gluteal

5. thigh muscles apparent

6. Gait changes to waddling

7. there is decreased range of motion (ROM) of hip

8. a waddling gait

   1. pain

how to diagnose canine hip dysplasia (2)

1. Ortolani test

2. Radiographs

how to do Ortolani test (4)

1. Done in either dorsal or lateral recumbency

2. rotate femoral joint

3. Will feel the joint clicking in and out

how to conservatively treat canine hip dysplasia (4)

1. Moderate exercise

2. Weight control

3. Anti Inflammatory medications:

4. Nutriceuticals

what are the 3 most commonly performed surgeries for canine hip dysplasia

1. Femoral head osteotomy

2. Triple pelvic osteotomy

3. Total hip replacement

what does FHO stand for

Femoral head osteotomy

in femoral head osteotomy what does removing the femoral head do

Removal allows formation of a “false joint” from surrounding soft tissue

what aftercare is required after a Femoral head osteotomy

Vigorous exercise is required after surgery to increase muscle strength and limb function.

what does TPO stand for

Triple pelvic osteotomy

define osteotomy

a surgical procedure where a doctor cuts a bone to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment

what is done in a Triple pelvic osteotomy (2ish)

1. Bone cuts into the pelvis so the acetabulum can be rotated over the femoral head and provide better coverage.

2. The bones are then stabilized with a bone plate.

A Triple pelvic osteotomy can not be performed if …

arthritis is apparent on x-rays

what happens in a total hip replacement

A cobalt chrome shaft and head are implanted into the femoral shaft and placed into an artificial acetabular cup.

how to prevent canine hip dysplasia (3)

1. Healthy weight

2. Supplements for joint health

3. Selective breeding

what is the Average age of onset for panosteitis (range)

6 - 8 months

Panosteitis causes degeneration of — bone

medullary

Panosteitis causes thickening of — bone

endosteal

what long bones are mostly affected by Panosteitis (5)

1. ulna

2. humerus

3. radius

4. femur

5. tibia

what causes Panosteitis (8)

1. Idiopathic

2. High protein diets

3. over nutrition

4. viruses

5. genetic predisposition

6. metabolic disease

7. allergies

8. hormonal excess

clinical signs of Panosteitis (6)

1. Intermittent lameness

2. Anorexia

3. Fever

4. Weight loss

5. Lethargy

6. Reluctance to move

define Intermittent lameness

may appear to the client to shift from leg to leg.

how to diagnose Panosteitis (2)

1. Pain response on palpation of long bone(s) affected

2. Radiology

how to treat Panosteitis (5)

1. Self-limiting

2. Rest

3. Most dogs return to normal state within 1 year

4. Analgesics for pain

5. anti-inflammatory drugs for pain

how to prevent Panosteitis (1ish)

Diets with lower calcium, fats, and proteins to avoid rapid growth

what does OCD stand for

Osteochondritis Dissecans

define Osteochondrosis

degeneration/aseptic necrosis of bone and cartilage, then reossification

define Osteochondrosis/Osteochondritis Dissecans

a dissecting flap and inflammation

define Endochondral ossification

is the process by which cartilage on the ends of long bones ossifies, or changes to bone.

what happens if there is no synovial fluid (4)

1. cells are not nourished,

2. cells degenerate

3. cells die

4. causing cracks in the cartilage

what happens If cartilage does not properly calcify

it thickens and prevents synovial fluid from reaching cartilage cells beneath it

what causes OCD (5)

1. Hereditary component

2. fast growing dogs

3. high calorie

4. nutrient dense diets

5. Trauma

Joints most commonly affected by OCD are (4)

1. shoulder joint

2. stifle

3. hock

4. elbow

clinical signs of OCD

1. lameness

2. atrophy of muscles

3. Dog exhibits pain on extension and flexion of affected joint

what age does OCD affect (range)

3 - 18 months

what percentage of OCD is bilateral

75%

how to diagnose OCD (4)

1. history

2. radiographs with cartilage flap

3. radiographs with joint mice

4. contrast study

define joint mice

loose cartilage pieces

define arthrography

Arthrography is an imaging test using contrast dye and X-rays, CT, or MRI

how to treat OCD (5)

1. weight reduction

2. restricted exercise

3. NSAID’s

4. nutraceuticals

5. Surgery

what is it

Ununited anconeal process

what is it

medial epicondyle

what is it

humerus

what is it

radius

what is it

fragmented medial coronoid process

what is it

osteochondritis desicans

what is it

ulna

what does UAP stand for

Ununited anconeal process

what does OCD stand for

osteochondritis desicans

what does FMCP stand for

fragmented medial coronoid process

clinical signs of UAP (6)

1. Mild lameness

2. shortened stride

3. Lameness

4. Pain on full extension

5. pain on palpation of elbow

6. decreased ROM

what percentage of UAP is bilateral

60%

the head-bob goes — when the dog is weightbearing on the lame side

up

the head-bob goes — when the dog is weightbearing on the sound side

down

how to diagnose UAP (2)

1. History

2. flexed lateral Radiographs

how to treat UAP (7)

1. DJD the process can be stabilized by screwing it back in place

2. surgical removal of the ununited anconeal process.

3. Weight reduction

4. Restricted exercise

5. NSAID’s

6. Chondroprotectives

7. Nutraceuticals

what does CCL stand for

Cranial Cruciate Ligament

what does the CCL do

Ligament stabilizes the stifle joint

what causes a ruptured CCL (4ish)

1. Middle aged, obese, inactive dogs that hyperextend the stifle during activity

2. Dogs in sports

3. Trauma

4. Abnormal conformation

clinical signs of ruptured CCL (10)

1. Acute hind limb lameness

2. Medial joint swelling

3. Effusion

4. Crepitation

5. Excessive cranial laxity of the proximal tibia

6. Increased internal tibial rotation

7. Often NWB

8. bilateral sitting symmetry

9. partial tear may present as stiffness

10. The tibia usually rotates internally when the animal tries to bear weight

NWB stands for

Non-Weight-Bearing

how to diagnose ruptured CCL (4)

1. Gait observation

2. Radiographs

3. cranial drawer test

4. Tibial compression test

how to treat ruptured CCL (8)

1. Exercise restriction

2. analgesia

3. weight control

4. physio

5. Custom knee braces

6. TPLO

7. Simitri

8. Tibial Tuberosity Advancement

after surgery for a ruptured CCL what is the instructions for owner (2)

1. The pet requires restricted exercise for the first 3 - 4 weeks after surgery.

2. Restricted exercise means cage rest with leash walking for elimination.

what causes patellar luxations (3)

1. Breed dispositions

2. Anatomical abnormality

3. Hereditary disorder

what are some anatomical abnormalities that cause Patellar luxations (5)

1. a reduced coxofemoral angle

2. lateral bowing of the femur

3. internal rotation of the tibia

4. shallow trochlear groove

5. hypoplasia of the medial femoral condyle

how do the anatomical abnormalities cause patellar luxations (2)

1. cause the pull of the tendon to be off-line

2. one rim of the trochlear groove may not be high enough to hold the patella securely in place