Cardiovascular System (Ch. 4)

Heart

Acts as a pump to the blood throughout the body via the circulatory vessels

Right and left atria

Two upper chambers inside the heart

Right and left ventricles

Two lower chambers inside the heart

Endocardium 

Inner most tissue layer of the heart that lines the valves and chambers of the heart 

Myocardium

Middle layer of heart with thick cardiac muscle fibers

Epicardium

Outer most layer of the heart

Systole

Contraction of the myocardium

Diastole

Relaxation of the myocardium

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Pace maker of the heart 

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Adventitia

Outermost layer of the arteries

Media

Middles layer of the arteries

Intima

Inner layer of the arteries

Lumen 

Internal tubular structure of the arteries 

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels that connect arteries and veins

Cardiomegaly

Enlarged heart

Vascular doppler sonography

Noninvasive procedure used the peripheral vasculature, used to determine the direction, velocity, as well as the presence or absence of blood flow in arteries and veins 

Transesophageal echocardiography

Pt swallows a mobile probe containing the transducer; helpful in imaging the arch and root

Myocardial perfusion scan

A radionuclide is injected through a vein , it concentrates in the myocardium

Gated cardiac blood pool scans 

Used to evaluate ventricular wall motion and ejection fraction 

Thrombolysis

Procedure in which a high intensity tissue plasminogen activator is dripped over a period of hours directly unto a clot to destroy it 

Embolization

Devices such as coils are used to clot off vessels

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

A catheter is used to connect the jugular vein to the portal vein to reduce the flow of blood through a diseased liver 

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty 

Insertion of a stent is often preceded by this with a balloon catheter to open up the vessels occupation before stent placement 

Permanent catheterization

A catheter is placed in the subclavian or jugular vein and tunneled under the skin t allow for improved dialysis access 

Foramen ovale

Allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulatory system 

Ductus arteriosus

Connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta

Murmur

Abnormal heart sound resulting from disturbed or turbulent flow, often through malformed valves

Patent ductus arteriosus

Common condition occurring in neonates due to the failure of the ductus arterioles to close after birth and results in a persistent shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery

Coarctation of the aorta

Narrowing of the aorta may occur at the closure site

Atrial septal defect

Abnormal opening between the upper chambers (atria) of the heart allowing for communication between the left and right atria

Ventricular septal defect 

Abnormal passageway in the intraventricular septum that allows for blood to be shunted from the left ventricle to the right ventricle 

Transposition of the great arteries

Anomaly in which the aorta arises from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle, and the pulmonary artery exists fro the left ventricle instead of the right ventricle 

Tetralogy of Fallot

Most common cyanotic congenital heart anomaly comprising of 5% to 10% of all congenital heart diseases 

Hypertension

Elevation of arterial blood pressure as measured by a systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg or higher a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg or higher 

Cor pulmonale 

Alteration in the structure and function in the right ventricle due to a primary respiratory disorder leading to pulmonary hypertension 

Cardiac arrhythmia/dysrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm. Arrhythmia occurs when the rhythm of the heartbeat is too fast or too slow. Dysrhythmia refers to an irregular heart beat within normal range due to changes in the tissue of the heart 

Valvular heart disease

Occurs when any valve in the heart is damaged or diseased

Rheumatic fever

Most common valvular heart disease; affects the bicuspid (mitral) valve and aortic valves

Valvular stenosis

Caused by the thickening and calcification of the valve cusps

Aneurysm

Localized “ballooning” or outputting of the vessel wall

Saccular aneurysm 

Localized bulge involving one side of the arterial wall 

Fasiform aneurysm

Bulging that includes the entire circumference of the vessel wall

Dissecting aneurysm

Results when the intima tears and allows blood to flow within gut vessel wall, forming an intramural hematoma

Embolism

Condition where a mass of matter obstructs a blood vessel, blocking the transport of blood and oxygen

Thrombus 

Emboli that is comprised of clotted blood 

Thromboembolism 

Obstruction of a blood vessel by the blood clot that has dislodged from another site in the circulation

Pulmonary embolism

Occurs when a thromboembolism occludes the pulmonary artery

Deep vein thrombosis

Originates from a lower extremity, migrates to the lungs and becomes lodged there, resulting in an obstruction of blood supply to the lungs 

Venous thrombosis

Formation of blood clots within a vein

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

Thrombophlebitis

Describes the combination of venous thrombosis and phlebitis

Atherosclerosis

Progressive formation of fibro-fatty lesion in the arterial wall, often termed hardening of the arteries

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Results from the disposition of artherosclerotic plagues on the coronary arteries

Ischemia 

When blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased 

Infarct

Area of ischemic necrosis

Cardiac arrest

Complete loos of cardiac pump function where adequate blood circulation to the body is stopped

The heart chamber located more anteriorly and forming the anterior boarder of the cardiac shadow on a lateral chest x-ray is:

Right ventricle

The bicuspid valve is also known as:

Left atrioventricular valve

The phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart relaxes and ventricles fill is:

Diastole

How many posterior ribs should be visible on a good inspiration chest radiograph?

10

In a fetus, the ductus arteriosus connects the:

Aorta and pulmonary trunk

A condition in which the left ventricle cannot pump an amount of blood equal to the venous rectum of the right ventricle is:

Left-sided congestive heart failure 

RIsk factors associated with atherosclerosis include all the following except:

Low blood sugar levels 

An obstruction to the blood supply of a tissue, resulting in local tissue death is:

Infarction

The single most frequent cause of coronary artery disease is:

Atherosclerotic plaques

Clinical signs of a myocardial infarction include all of the following except:

Absence of blood pressure

Which type of vessel is used as the graft material for coronary artery bypass graft?

Veins