Talent development

Newells constraints model

Individual, task and enviroment

Individual factors Groningenmodel

Anthropometrics, physiological, technical, tactical, psychological

Sport science

Providing data and information to inform decision-making process

Talented athlete

Young athlete who performs better than peers during training and competition, who has the potential to become an elite athlete in the future

Groningenmodel / Newell

Time added in groningenmodel

Vaeyens model

Detection, identification, confirmation, selection, development

Detection

Discovery of potential performers who are not currently involved in the sport

Selection

Choosing the most appropriate (group of) athletes to complete a specific task

Anne says

Cognitive functions are important for reaching the top

Solutions relative age effect

Understand differences, emphasis on improvement, age-ordered shirt numbers, bio-banding

Bio-banding

Categorizing teams based on maturational status

Self-regulation

Who am I, what do I want, what am I good at?

Important components self-regulation

Feedback-rich environment, goal-setting-rich environment

Individual sporters

Outperform in planning

International top-level outperform everyone on

Reflection

Info for coaches on SR

autonomy-supporting behaviour

6 important things for feeling and performing well

Autonomy, belonging, competence and reflection, goal-setting, feedback

Resultgoals

Winning, difficult to practice

Performance goals

Better, more specific than resultgoal

Processgoals

Focus on specific part of process, easily trainable, helpful

In feedback

Focus on what you should do with focus on task

Resilience

React and bounce back

What resilience is NOT

Resistance, growth, a trait, mental toughness

Measuring resilience

Affective, cognitive, motivation, behavioral and psychological level

How to measure resilience

Self-reports, sensor data

ACL injury

Leg placed out of place of support, large movement

What causes ACL injuries

Leg straight instead of bent, rotation, abduction

Motor skill competence

The opportunity to efficiently and accurately find a movement solution for every situation that arises

Implicit instruction

Try to go through the ball, push yourself away from the ground

Implicit or explicit?

Implicit, e.g. push yourself off ground. For quick results, explicit

Instrinsic feedback

What does the athlete notice in themselves already

Extrinsic feedback

Feedback from coach to guide the learning process

Rules for talent identification

Parameters change, growth is non-linear, always a moving target

Checkpoints

Is it necessary to select, can we unravel performances, is there an open system

Focus on long-term development

Foster intrinsic motivation, train broad base, gradually build up, use competition as tool, stimulate ownership

Testing and monitoring

Adjust training process, establish benchmarks, periodic, sport-specific and physical testing

Differential learning

practicing different movement patterns to become more adaptive

Performance loop

Sensory stimulation, perception, cognition, execution

Sensory stimulation

Receiving data through nervous system pathways

Perception

Updating mental models of reality and making predictions

Cognition

Evaluating options, planning, making decision

Execution

Completing an action response

Cognitive skills

Ability to use knowledge

Meta-analysis Kalén

relationship between cognitive functions and sports performance across cognitive tasks

Moderators Kalén

type of stimuli, type of response, age, and study design

Domain general

Useful in any domain, e.g. reaction-time

Context-specific

E.g. something on the soccer field

Stimulus is…

context-specific or domain general

Cognitive constructs

Cognitive functions, higher cognitive functions, cognitive decision-making skills, mental structures and processes

Lower-level cognitive functions

Basic information processing, e.g. reaction time

Higher-level cognitive functions

Involved in the control and regulation of non-EF cognitive processes

Working memory

The ability to hold and manipulate information in your mind to carry out a task

Inhibitory control

The capacity to control impulses, resist distractions, and inhibit inappropriate responses

Cognitive Flexibility

The ability to switch between different tasks or mental sets and adapt to changing circumstances

Elite soccer players outscore sub-elite soccers players on

higher-order cognitive functions

Elite soccer players do NOT outscore sub-elite soccers players on

lower-order cognitive functions

Higher-level EF tasks

SSRT (stop-signal reaction time), B-A difference (cognitive flexibilty), DFT (design fluency test, metacognition)

3 core EFs

Inhibitory control, congitive flexibility, working memory

deliberate practice theory

reflective engagement transforms practice quality

critical slowing down

when return to normal functioning is slowing down

attractor state

stable pattern where athlete (system) tends to settle into

return angle

how fast you recover 

negative psychological momentum

once you enter state of negative PM, it is a sticky attractor difficult to escape

explicit learning

focus on the movement

implicit learning

focus on the outcome of the movement

external focus

focus NOT on internal, but external movement

internal focus

focus in internal movement

intrinsic feedback

what does the athlete already feel themselves

extrinsic feedback

from coach to guide the athlete

constrained action hypothesis

internal focus constrains motor system, external focus promotes automatic mode of control

external focus leads to

movement effectiveness, movement efficiency, automaticity

vicious cycle

internal focus, no autonomy, low expection, no motivation

virtuous cycle

external focus, autonomy, enhanced expection, motivation

3 stages of learning

early playful exposure, skillbuilding with guiding, deliberate practice with discipline

match quality

find a good fit between domain and interest

inter-individual

between players

intra-individual

within person change

mono-finality

one way to the top

equi-finality

multiple ways to the top

TPP

talent promotion program