FINAL EXAM (ch.1-14)

People with schizophrenia have lower than normal overall activity in the _____.
a) thalamus
b)hypothalamus
c)right hemisphere
d)left hemisphere

left hemisphere

The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the ____.
a) brain stem
b) whole limbic system
c) frontal lobes
d) nucleus accumbens

d) nucleus accumbens

To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ______.
a) will always inhibit the postsynaptic receptor
b) binds to the receptor
c) breaks down neurotransmitter chemicals at that receptor site
d) will always excite the postsynaptic receptor

b) binds to that receptor

Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?
a) dopamine
b) serotonin
c) ​epinephrine
d) ​acetylcholine

a) dopamine

A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is ____.​
a) ​LAAM
b) ​methodone
c) ​Antabuse
d) ​naloxone

c) Antabuse

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n) ____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n) ____.​
a. ​antagonist; agonist
b. ​depressant; stimulant
c. ​neuromodulator; synergist
d. ​agonist; antagonist

a) antagonist; agonist

A first diagnosis of schizophrenia is usually made for a male in which age range?​
a. ​30s or 40s
b. ​preteens
c. ​50s or beyond
d. ​20s

d) 20s

A key gene in addiction controls COMT, an enzyme that breaks down ____ after its release.​
a. ​norepinephrine
b. ​serotonin
c. ​GABA
d. ​dopamine

d) dopamine

A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from ____.​
a. ​thought disorders
b. ​delusions
c. ​negative symptoms
d. ​positive symptoms

c) negative symptoms

A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is ____.​
a. ​seasonal affective disorder
b. ​tardive dyskinesia
c. ​attention deficit disorder
d. ​saccadic eye movements

b) tardive dyskinesia

About 12% of the mothers of children who have autism spectrum disorders have ____.​
a. ​antibodies that attack certain brain proteins
b. ​extremely low levels of folic acid
c. ​a family history of autism spectrum disorders
d. ​a history of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy

a) antibodies that attack certain brain proteins

All things considered, the atypical antipsychotics ____.​
a. ​are preferable because they have, at most, only mild side-effects
b. ​have a much higher risk of movement disorders
c. ​are far more cost-effective than the older drugs
d. ​do not improve overall quality of life more than older drugs

d. ​do not improve overall quality of life more than older drugs

An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses.​
a. ​substance P
b. ​acetylcholine
c. ​glutamate
d. ​serotonin

c) glutamate

Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours, but may take weeks to change behavior.
True
False

True

Attempts to identify individual genes associated with addiction have found ____.​
a. ​many genes, each with a small effect
b. ​a small number of genes with limited cumulative effects
c. ​a small number of genes with substantial cumulative effects
d. ​many genes, each with a substantial effect

a. ​many genes, each with a small effect

Atypical antipsychotic drugs alleviate schizophrenia with fewer side effects than other drugs because they ____.​
a. ​more strongly antagonize serotonin type 5-HT2 receptors
b. ​stimulate dopamine synapses instead of blocking them
c. ​act at acetylcholine synapses instead of dopamine synapses
d. ​have a greater effect on dopamine type D2 receptors

a. ​more strongly antagonize serotonin type 5-HT2 receptors

Autism spectrum disorder encompasses both autism and what used to be called Asperger's syndrome.​
True
False

True

Brain differences common to schizophrenia include ____.​
a. ​larger than normal cerebral ventricles
b. ​a heavier forebrain
c. ​loss of axons between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia
d. ​a proliferation of glial cells

a. ​larger than normal cerebral ventricles

Genetic studies of schizophrenia have found that ____.​
a. ​schizophrenia has about the same heritability as Huntington's disease
b. ​dizygotic twins are more concordant for schizophrenia than monozygotic twins
c. ​there are probably several possible genes that increase a person's risk for schizophrenia
d. ​a single gene on the X chromosome accounts for most cases of schizophrenia

c. ​there are probably several possible genes that increase a person's risk for schizophrenia

In certain cases, it is possible to relieve depression by changing a person's ____.​
a. ​self-grooming habits
b. ​exercise schedule
c. ​sleeping schedule
d. ​eating schedule

c) sleeping schedule

Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?​
a. ​bipolar disorder
b. ​seasonal affective disorder
c. ​endogenous depression
d. ​reactive depression

a) bipolar disorder

One gene of interest in schizophrenia is DISC1. This gene ____.​
a. ​alters the responsiveness of the nucleus accumbens
b. ​controls the breakdown of norepinephrine
c. ​alters the metabolism of glucose, especially in the brain
d. ​controls differentiation and migration of neurons in brain development

d) controls differentiation and migration of neurons in brain development

People with Type II (Type B) alcoholism ____.​
a. ​have few symptoms prior to middle age
b. ​have rapid onset alcoholism
c. ​are typically female
d. ​experience few problems as a result of their alcoholism

b. ​have rapid onset alcoholism

A condition in which brain neurons have repeated episodes of excessive, synchronized activity is called ____.​
a. ​hippocampal commissure
b. ​epilepsy
c. ​Broca's aphasia
d. ​dyslexia

b) epilepsy

A paradoxical characteristic of children with Williams syndrome is that they ____.​
a. ​show a better memory after a delay than they show immediately after an event has occurred
b. ​seem mentally disabled during childhood but develop into above average intelligence adults
c. ​have very large vocabularies, but cannot learn simple skills
d. ​can write, but cannot read what they just finished writing

c. ​have very large vocabularies, but cannot learn simple skills

A person with spatial neglect is more likely to notice an object placed in the left hand if ____.​
a. ​they look to the right
b. ​they cross their right hand over to the left side of their body
c. ​you touch their right hand
d. ​they cross their left hand over to the right side of their body

d. ​they cross their left hand over to the right side of their body

After damage to the right hemisphere, many people suffer what kind of loss?​
a. ​control of hunger and thirst
b. ​control of the muscles on the right side of the body
c. ​ability to remember the names of objects
d. ​ability to recognize emotional facial expressions

d. ​ability to recognize emotional facial expressions

Auditory information is sent to the ____.​
a. ​contralateral hemisphere more than the ipsilateral hemisphere
b. ​ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres equally
c. ​contralateral hemisphere only
d. ​ipsilateral hemisphere only

a. ​contralateral hemisphere more than the ipsilateral hemisphere

Children with Williams syndrome are characterized by ____.​
a. ​loss of language abilities at approximately four years of age
b. ​good language abilities despite low overall intelligence
c. ​problems creating grammatical sentences
d. ​a specific impairment of vocabulary

b. ​good language abilities despite low overall intelligence

Deliberate, top-down direction of attention depends on parts of the prefrontal cortex and the ____.​
a. ​parietal cortex
b. ​temporal cortex
c. ​corpus callosum
d. ​occipital cortex

a. ​parietal cortex

Dyslexia is more common among languages that ____.​
a. ​have many odd spellings
b. ​use masculine and feminine nouns
c. ​are phonetically based
d. ​are tonal in nature

a. ​have many odd spellings

Generally speaking, drugs used to treat epilepsy work by ____.​
a. ​enhancing the effects of GABA
b. ​preventing the sodium-potassium pump from working
c. ​causing apoptosis
d. ​relaxing the cell membrane

a. ​enhancing the effects of GABA

If something in a complex scene changes slowly, or changes while you blink your eyes, you probably will not notice it unless you are paying attention to the particular item that changes. This phenomenon is called ____.​
a. ​inattentional blindness
b. ​the Stroop effect
c. ​attentional suppression
d. ​masking

a. ​inattentional blindness

In order for a split-brain patient to name something, he must see it ____.​
a. ​with the left eye
b. ​with the right eye
c. ​in the right visual field
d. ​in the left visual field

c. ​in the right visual field

In relation to their interests, aptitudes, and skills, people are either predominantly right-hemisphere or left-hemisphere.​
True
False

False

Language studies with bonobos suggest that they can understand more than they can produce.​
True
False

True

Most people use only one hemisphere for most tasks.​
True
False

False

Noam Chomsky and other advocates of the language acquisition device argue that humans ____.​
a. ​are no different in language capabilities than gorillas
b. ​learn language through classical conditioning
c. ​are incapable of learning language
d. ​are born with language

d. are born with language

Normally, a split-brain patient should be able to name an object flashed to the left visual field.​
True
False

False

People with Broca's aphasia speak meaningfully but ____.​
a. ​omit pronouns, tense, and number endings
b. ​do so in a monotone
c. ​omit nouns and verbs
d. ​do so without feeling

a. ​omit pronouns, tense, and number endings

Research on the relationship between language and music has found that ____.​
a. ​trained musicians tend to be better than average at learning a second language
b. ​Wernicke's area is strongly activated when orchestral musicians sight read music
c. ​people whose native language is rhythmic tend to prefer music with irregular rhythms
d. ​we use language areas of the brain when we perform music, but not when we compose it

a. ​trained musicians tend to be better than average at learning a second language

Research with deaf children suggests that it is essential to ____.​
a. ​learn spoken language before sign language
b. ​be able to hear language if you are to learn sign language
c. ​learn language through reinforcements for correct usage
d. ​learn any language when you are young if you do not want to be forever disadvantaged

d. ​learn any language when you are young if you do not want to be forever disadvantaged

The ability to take someone else's perspective depends on an area where the ____.​
a. ​temporal cortex meets the occipital cortex
b. ​temporal cortex meets the frontal cortex
c. ​frontal cortex meets the parietal cortex
d. ​temporal cortex meets the parietal cortex

d. ​temporal cortex meets the parietal cortex

The best description of oxytocin may be that it ____.​
a. ​stimulates the brain's reward centers
b. ​increases attention to important social cues
c. ​really is the "love hormone"
d. ​acts much like endogenous opiates

b. ​increases attention to important social cues

The love-enhancing hormone is ____.​
a. ​oxytocin
b. ​estrogen
c. ​testosterone
d. ​progesterone

a. ​oxytocin

A burst of intense stimulation to a dendrite by one or more axons connected to it in a rapid series can be described as the ____.
a. ​long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli
b. potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds​
c. inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds​
d. long-term inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli​

a. ​long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli

A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is ______.
a. confabulation
b. dementia
c. memory loss
d. tremors

a. confabulation

A person with damage to their cerebellum may experience several problems, including _____.
a. poor eyesight
b. weakened conditioned eye blinks
c. exaggerated eye blinking
d. inability to be classically conditioned

d. inability to be classically conditioned

A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris water maze because it __________.
a. loses its motivation to find the platform
b. cannot remember how to swim
c. has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial
d. develops a water phobia

c. has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial

After LTP is established, NMDA receptors are not required to maintain it.
True
False

True

After his surgery, H.M. had the most difficulty with _____.
a. learning new procedural tasks
b. remembering events long before the surgery
c. being able to define new English words
d. IQ tests

c. being able to define new English words

Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of _____.
a. an epileptic focus in the temporal lobe of the cortex
b. loss of the fibers connecting the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia
c. loss of cell bodies in the dorsomedial thalamus
d. tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus

d. tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Amyloid is to _____, as tau is to ______.
a. plaques; tangles
b. neurons; glia
c. glia; neurons
d. tangles; plaques

a. plaques; tangles

Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory that he called _____.
a. short-term and long-term
b. declarative and procedural
c. repressed and unrepressed
d. implicit and explicit

a. short-term and long-term

Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on ____.

the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objects are continously changed

Hippocampal damage impairs spatial memory.
True
False

True

If people with Down Syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop ____.

Alzheimer's disease

In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits, Thompson and his colleagues have demostrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the _______.

Lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum

One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks, but have no ______ memory with respect to that task.

procedural; explicit