apush - amsco 1.1-1.6

Why did the cultures develop differently in different places?

Climate and geography

Who explored and what was their motive?

English, Spanish, French, and Dutch competed for land in Americas. Motives were to spread religion, $$, establish trading posts, mines, and plantations.

Translatic/Columbian exchange

contact between Europeans and Natives which brought new germs, animals, and plants

What killed around 90% of the Natives population and why?

New diseases killed them because their immune systems couldn't handle it.

Why were colonies dependent on slaves?

Europeans brought them bc they were low cost labor in mines and plantations which led to more profit.

What was the population in 1491?

50-100 million

What societies were in Central and South America?

Native societies were Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas - all high functioning societies

Why were North America societies less advanced?

corn cultivated slower Northward from Mexico which slowed down the society

Southwest Settlements - where did they live and were they high functioning?

dry regions, lived in caves, multistoried buildings, and under cliffs - more complex society

Northwest Settlements - where and their way of life

Where: Present day Alaska to California

Way of life: lived in permanent houses, hunting, fishing, gathering, told stories and legends through totem poles

Mississippi River Valley

American Indian living off of hunting, fishing, agriculture, and lived in permanent settlements

Northeast Settlements

hunting and farming

Iroquois confederacy, Adena Hopewell descendants

Atlantic Seaboard Settlements

Cherokee and Lumber, region of settlements that relied on the Atlantic ocean; skilled at fishing

Technology advancements

new inventions were introduced like gunpowder, sailing compass, printing press, map making, etc

What century was the Renaissance?

15-16th century

Who took current day Spain?

Islamic Invaders known as Moors

Spain had a victory in what religion?

Catholic

What two Kingdoms united and who were their leaders?

Castile and Aragon - Ferdinand and Isabella

Spanish took Moorish stronghold in what year?

1492

Protestant Revolt

Northern Europeans - early 1500s - revolted against Pope in Rome

Expanding Trade

economic motives grew from fierce competition for increased trade

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

Asian land route was blocked in what year?

1453

Slave trading

15th century Portugal began trading from west africa

Produced sugar from slave labor

development of nation-states

Small kingdoms united and became bigger making them nation-states

they all had common culture and loyalty

Spain and Portugal claims

Spain and Portugal were first. 1493 The pope made the line of demarcation

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain that divided their New World land claims.

English Claims to the Americas

Claimed land along the Atlantic coast. In search of land/ religious freedom

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian who explored east coast of US from NC to NY for France in 1524

Jaques Cartier

French explorer who discovered the st. Lawrence river 1534 - 1542, and gave France its claim to Canada

began to develop colonies

Chistopher Columbus

Italian sailor supported by the rulers of Spain, he reached the Americas in 1492, becoming the first European to do so

Capitalism rising

new resources and population growth encouraged trade and led to economic, political, and social change

Feudalism

A system of government based on landowners and tenants - began to decline as capitalism rose

political power shifted to who?

wealthy merchants instead of large landowners

joint-stock company

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders - used for voyages

Conquest of the Aztecs and Incas

The downfall of the Aztec people caused by Hernan Cortes, disease (small pox), and the death of their leader Montezuma,

Francisco Pizarro; Pizarro and only 200 men defeat army of 30,000 using modern weapons and horses; use trickery to capture tribe leader, Atahualpa

Indian and African Labor

Spanish incorporated Indians into Spanish empire by working for "care"

Portugal traded African slaves with other partners

Encomienda System

King granted natives who lived on a tract of land to Spaniards

Asiento System

Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas

slave trade

15th century, The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves

ended in 1800s with 10-15 million slaves transported

African Resistance

enslaved Africans resisted by running away, sabotaging work, or revolting

Spanish Caste System

system based on race that was used for social control and also determined a person's role and importance in society - 1st was pure-blooded Spaniards - 2nd was mixed heritage Spaniards - 3rd was pure Indian or African heritage

Native American treatment from Europeans

they viewed them as inferior, exploited for economic gain, converted to Christianity, and used as military allies

Bartolomé de las casa

bold Spanish priest who wanted to end the abuse of the Natives

New Laws of 1542

commanded that Indians no longer be enslaved in Spanish possessions.

Valladolid Debate

In 1550-1551, in Valladolid, Spain, a formal debate concerning the role of American Indians in the Spanish colonies.

English Policy

At first coexisted with Natives, traded and shared ideas - they had no respect for Native culture, Natives felt threatened by settlement and land use, Natives expelled

French policy

used Natives as economics and military allies - kept good relations with tribes - traded with Natives - helped them fight enemies

Natives survival strategies

ally with European power - they would migrate West to away from settlers

African Americans role in Americas

grew rice which became an important crop - Europeans justified slavery by saying Africans were inferior and enslaving them was okay - brought musical rhythms and styles