The Cell Cycle

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Last updated 8:38 AM on 7/1/26
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24 Terms

1
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The Cell Cycle

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M Phase

  • condensation of chromatin

  • halfway through

  • cell growth stops

  • mitosis (nuclear division)

  • cytokinesis

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G0 Phase

  • triggered during G1

  • epithelial cells do not have this

  • neurons are in this indefinitely

  • cell may undergo apoptosis

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G1 (growth) Phase

  • ensures cell can go through S phase

  • cells grow/increase size

  • gene transcription

  • organelles duplicate

  • Biosynthesis

  • p53 gene (tumour suppressor) controls this

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S (synthesis) Phase

  • cell is now committed to cell cycle

  • chromosomes are unwound + DNA is diffuse

  • DNA replicates

  • chromosomes consist of identical sister chromatids

  • phase is rapid as DNA exposed to mutagens

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G2 Phase

  • ensures cell is ready for mitosis

  • cells grow

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Prophase

  • chromosomes thicken + DNA supercoils

  • nuclear envelope breaks down

  • centriole divides and centrioles move to poles

  • tubulin threads form between centrioles

<ul><li><p>chromosomes thicken + DNA supercoils </p></li><li><p>nuclear envelope breaks down</p></li><li><p>centriole divides and centrioles move to poles</p></li><li><p>tubulin threads form between centrioles</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Metaphase

  • chromatid pairs attach to spindle threads @ equator

  • attach by centromeres

<ul><li><p>chromatid pairs attach to spindle threads @ equator</p></li><li><p>attach by centromeres</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anaphase

  • centromere of each pair of chromatids split

  • motor proteins pull chromatids towards opposite poles

  • chromatids (called chromosomes now) make a V

<ul><li><p>centromere of each pair of chromatids split</p></li><li><p>motor proteins pull chromatids towards opposite poles</p></li><li><p>chromatids (called chromosomes now) make a V</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Telophase

  • separated chromosomes reach poles

  • nuclear envelope forms

  • 1 cell - 2 nuclei → genetically identical

<ul><li><p>separated chromosomes reach poles</p></li><li><p>nuclear envelope forms</p></li><li><p>1 cell - 2 nuclei → genetically identical</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Prophase 1

  • meiosis

  • chromatin condenses

  • chromosome supercoils

  • nuclear envelope breaks down

  • chromosomes come together in homologous pairs

  • crossing over between non-sister chromatids

<ul><li><p>meiosis</p></li><li><p>chromatin condenses</p></li><li><p>chromosome supercoils</p></li><li><p>nuclear envelope breaks down</p></li><li><p>chromosomes come together in homologous pairs</p></li><li><p>crossing over between non-sister chromatids</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Metaphase 1

  • pairs attach along equator

  • attach to a spindle thread by centromere

  • pairs are arranged randomly w/members of each pair facing opposite poles

  • the way they line up determines how they will segregate independently during anaphase

<ul><li><p>pairs attach along equator</p></li><li><p>attach to a spindle thread by centromere</p></li><li><p>pairs are arranged randomly w/members of each pair facing opposite poles</p></li><li><p>the way they line up determines how they will segregate independently during anaphase</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anaphase 1

  • homologous pairs are pulled apart by motor proteins

  • centromeres do not divide

  • crossed-over areas separate resulting in allele shuffling

<ul><li><p>homologous pairs are pulled apart by motor proteins</p></li><li><p>centromeres do not divide</p></li><li><p>crossed-over areas separate resulting in allele shuffling</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Telophase 1

  • nuclear envelopes form

  • cytokinesis

  • short interphase

  • in plants this does not exist

<ul><li><p>nuclear envelopes form</p></li><li><p>cytokinesis</p></li><li><p>short interphase</p></li><li><p>in plants this does not exist</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Prophase 2

  • nuclear envelopes break down

  • chromosomes coil and condense

  • chromatids of a chromosome are not identical due to P1

  • spindles form

<ul><li><p>nuclear envelopes break down </p></li><li><p>chromosomes coil and condense</p></li><li><p>chromatids of a chromosome are not identical due to P1</p></li><li><p>spindles form </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Metaphase 2

  • chromosomes attach by centromeres to equator of a spindle

  • chromatids are randomly arranged

  • the way they are arranged determines how they separate during A2

<ul><li><p>chromosomes attach by centromeres to equator of a spindle</p></li><li><p>chromatids are randomly arranged</p></li><li><p>the way they are arranged determines how they separate during A2</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anaphase 2

  • centromeres divide

  • chromatids pulled apart

  • chromatids are randomly arranged

<ul><li><p>centromeres divide</p></li><li><p>chromatids pulled apart</p></li><li><p>chromatids are randomly arranged</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Telophase 2

  • nuclear envelope forms

  • in animals the two cells divide into four haploid cells

  • in plants a tetrad of four haploid cells is formed

<ul><li><p>nuclear envelope forms</p></li><li><p>in animals the two cells divide into four haploid cells</p></li><li><p>in plants a tetrad of four haploid cells is formed</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Order of mitosis

PMAT

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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What is Chromatin?

DNA + Histone proteins

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Chromatid

Half of a chromosome → sister __

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Chromosome

2 Chromatids → in homologous pairs

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Diploid (2n)

46 chromosomes in 23 pairs → somatic (body) cells

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Haploid (n)

23 chromosomes → gametes