Cell Structure and Organelles Flashcards (September 2nd)

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell organelles, types of endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and protein modification from Lesson 4 cell structure lecture notes.

Ribosomes

Organelles required for protein synthesis that translate mRNA into protein; found free in cytosol in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, or bound to endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes only.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle continuous from the nuclear membrane that makes up more than 1/2 of total membranes in a eukaryotic cell.

2 types: Smooth (lacking ribosomes) and Rough (ribosomes bound to surface)

Smooth ER

Snythesizes lipids (i.e. cholesterol and steroid hormones)

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Stores calcium ions

Detoxification of drugs and poisons

Glycogen degradation (only in animal cells)

Rough ER

Membrane and protein synthesis

Production of secreted and membrane-bound proteins

Glycosylation of proteins

Glycosylation

The addition of sugars to proteins.

Ribosomes

Required to translate mRNA into proteins

Free in cytosol of both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Bound Ribosomes

Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, found in eukaryotes only.

Proteins synthesized on free ribosomes versus bound ribosomes differ in folding and modification

How are materials moved between organelles?

Use of vesicles through either budding (expelling) or fusion (docking)

Golgi Apparatus

Recieves materials from ER via vesicles

Sorts, secretes, concentrates, and stores ER products

Site of protein and phospholipid (sugars) modifications

Synthesis of polysaccharides

Peroxisomes

Membrane-bound organelle in which the cell completes the breaking down of fatty acids and toxin detoxification.

Lysosomes

Found in animal cells and some protists

Catabolism of macronutrients and aged organelles

Uses hydrolytic enzymes and acidic pH

Catabolism

The breaking down of objects within the cell

Autophagy

Eating itself

Exocytosis

Releasing material outside cell through plasma membrane

Endocytosis

Fusing bud to plasma membrane to bring in material

All cells have vacuoles, but only plant cells have central vacuoles

Vacuoles

Store food, water, and pigments

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration or energy

have their own DNA

Have their own ribosomes

More membranes=more functionality

Chloroplast

Type of plastid

Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis which creates energy

Have their own DNA

Have their own ribosomes