exam 1 anatomy

the heart contains

arteries and veins

arteries carry ___ blood from the ____ to the ____

they carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the organs

veins carry ___ blood from the to the _

they carry deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart

the pulmonary artery carries what type of blood

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

the pulmonary vein carries what type of blood

oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart

the atrium

recieves

the ventricles

pump

the heart is located in the

mediastinum, between the 2nd and 6th intercoastal space and 2/3 to the left

functions of the heart

• transports oxygenated blood

• transports hormones to target organs

• carries waste

• pumps blood

the heart sits in a sac called

pericardium

epicardium

outside layer

myocardium (thickest layer)

middle layer

endocardium

inner layer

what is the normal heart rate

72 bpm

bradycardia

heart rate BELOW 60 bpm

tachycardia

heart rate ABOVE 100 bpm

the SA node is located

in the right atrium

the AV node is located

lower RA

the AV bundle (bundle of his) is located

in the interventricular septum

the purkinje fibers are located

in the interventricular walls

arrythmia

an irregular, too fast, or too slow heartbeat caused by a problem with the heart's electrical signal

what supplies the heart muscle with blood

the coronary artery; the right one being the most dominant

the cardiac vein does what

drains deoxygentaed blood into the coronary sinus

the coronary sinus does what

it takes the deoxygenated blood from the cardiac vein and drains into the right atrium

where does the RA recieve blood from

the superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus and cardiac veins

mitral valve(bicuspid)

the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle; used to keep blood flowing into the LV

tricuspid

located between the right atrium and right ventricle; used to keep blood flowing into the RV

Semilunarpulmonary valve

located between RV and pulmonary artery; used to keep blood going into PA to travel to the lungs

semilunar aortic valve

located between LV and aorta; used to keep blood going into aorta so it can travel to the other organs

pulmonary circuit

moves oxygen-poor blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the left side of the hear

systemic circuit

carries oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body and returns oxygen-poor blood to the right side of the heart

angina pectoralis

severe chest pain, coronary arteries cant supply enough blood or oxygen to the heart. its treated with nitroglycerin sublingually

cardiac temponade

caused by fluid collecting in the sac called the pericardium and causes pressure on the heart

pericarditis

when the pericardium becomes inflammed

mitral valve prolapse

when the mitral valve leaks causing blood to go back into the right atrium

aortic regurgitation

when the blood goes into the aorta AND backflows into the left ventricle

Rheumatic Heart Disease

results from children who have had strep or scarlet fever, causes inflammation in joints and heart

Coronary Artery Disease

it reduces blood flow to the myocardial tissue, causing plaque build up and damage major heart vessels

Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

when blood flow to the heart is reduced or blocked causing tissue damage or death

atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries, when lipids and other substances build up inside blood vessel walls and calcify.

• smoking

• high triglycerides and cholestrol

• it can be treated with vasodilators that cause smooth muscle to relax

coronary bypass surgery

for people who have restricted CA blood flow, veins and arteries are harvested from other areas of the body and BYPASS partial blockages in coronary arteries

Congestive Heart Failure

left sided heart failure

• inability of the left ventricle to pump blood effectively

• results from hypertension (high BP)

• it decreases pumping pressure in the systemic circulation

• can causes congestion of blood in pulmonary circulation, which can lead to right side heart failure

congestion of blood in pulmonary circulation

pulmonary edema

right side heart failure

cor pulmonary

cardiomyopathy

a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood effectively to the rest of your body

peripherial vascular disease

after thickening of arteries, blood may show in peripheral tissues and can result in ischemia

ischemia

decreased blood supply to a tissue, gradual death of cell and may lead to necrosis

necrosis

complete tissue death; can decay and cause gangrene

angioplasty

a deflated balloon gets attached to a long thin tube called a catheter and is inserted into a partially blocked artery and inflated. this causes the plaque to be pushed outward

aneurysm

a section of an artery becomes abnormally widened because of the weakened arterial wall. they form abnormal clots (thrombi).

stroke (CVA)

ischemia of the brain tissue caused by an emblosim (blockage) or ruptured aneurysm.

varicose veins

enlarged veins in which blood tends to pool rather than continue toward the heart, they usually occur in superficial veins.

phebitis

vein inflammation

thrombophlebitis

acute pheblitis caused by clot formations

pulmonary embolism

sudden blockage in lung artery usually caused by a blood clot that travels from a vein in the leg

anticoagulants

prevent clot formation

nitroglycerin

dilates coronary blood vessels and improves oxygen to the myocardium

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA/ t-PSA)

helps dissolve clots

dysrthyhmia

abnormality of heart rhythym

diagnostic tools used to detect cardiac function

ECG; records electrical signals traveling through the heart

cardiogenic shock

shock from any heart failure; bc heart cant pump blood, the blood flow decreases

circulatory shock

failure of circulatory system to deliver oxygen to the tissues; reduce the bloodflow through blood vessels of the body

hypovolemic shock

loss of blood volume

neurogenic shock

a life-threatening medical emergency caused by a sudden loss of sympathetic nervous system signals following a severe spinal cord injury

anaphylactic shock

caused by an allergic reaction

septic shock

infection in the blood

blood volume in women

4-5 liters

blood volume in men

5-6 liters

rbc (eryhrocytes)

• no nucleus

• filled with hemoglobin

• 4.2-5.8 million

function of red blood cells

• transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

• supplies nutrients

• helps regulate pH, body temp and water

the process of forming RBC

erythopieses

hemoglobin has what % of blood volume

33%

rbc last

105-120 days

wbc last

unknown

wbc (leukocytes)

• nucleated

• neurophils.esinophils,basophils

• 5,000-10,000/mm3

leukopenia

lower than normal amount of WBC; caused by drugs and cancer

leukemia

causes rapid production of wbc, over 200,000

leukocytosis

higher than normal amount of WBC

anemia

low concentration of hemoglobin in blood

platelets (thrombocytes)

• 150,000-350,000

• they last 7-10 days

function of platelets

hemostasis: stoppage of blood flow

aplastic anemia

a rare and serious blood disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce enough new blood cells and platelets

hematology

branch of medicine focused on the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system disorders

hemolytic anemia

a blood disorder where red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can make new ones

polycythemia

a blood disorder where your body produces too many red blood cells, making your blood thick and slow-flowing

factors of hypertension

• high stress levels

• obesity

• alcohol, caffeine

• smoking

• lack of exercise

coronary arteries supply

the myocardium

right AND left subclavian supplies

the head and upper extremity

right AND left vertebral artery supplies

the spinal cord and brain

right AND left axillary (continuation of subclavian) artery supplies

shoulder,chest, axillary region

right AND left brachial(continuation of axillary) artery supplies

arm,hand

right AND left radial artery supplies

lower arm, hand (lateral)

right AND left ulnar artery supplies

lower arm, hand (medial)

superficial and deep palmar arches artery supplies

hands and fingers

digital artery supplies

fingers

right AND left common carotid artery supplies

head and neck

right AND left internal carotid artery supplies

brain,eye, forehead, nose

right AND left external carotid artery supplies

thyroid,tounge,tonsils,ear

bronchial artery supplies

lungs, bronchi

visceral branch arteries supply

thoracic viscera