Cell Bio Exam #1
Call Kai
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards
Knowt Play1/296
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced | Call with Kai | Chat |
|---|
No analytics yet
Send a link to your students to track their progress
297 Terms
Who discovered cells and when?
Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665.
What did Robert Hooke observe under a microscope?
Thin slices of cork.
What did Robert Hooke see in cork?
Small compartments surrounded by cell walls.
Why did Robert Hooke call the compartments "cells"?
They reminded him of the small rooms inhabited by monks.
What did the compartments Robert Hooke observed actually consist of?
Dead plant tissue.
Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek?
A scientist who improved microscope lenses and achieved much greater magnification.
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observe in pond water?
Microscopic organisms that he called "animalcules."
What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observe in pepper-water and dental plaque?
Bacteria.
Why was microscopy important to cell biology?
Microscopes allowed scientists to actually visualize cells.
What two limitations affected early microscopes?
Magnification and resolution/resolving power.
What improved by the 1830s that allowed smaller cellular structures to be seen?
Compound microscopes improved enough to see structures as small as approximately 1 μm.
What cellular structure could be clearly seen with improved compound microscopes by the 1830s?
The nucleus.
Who proposed the original cell theory in 1839?
Schwann.
What is the first statement of cell theory?
All organisms consist of one or more cells.
What is the second statement of cell theory?
The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms.
Who added the third statement to cell theory in 1855?
Virchow.
What is the third statement of cell theory?
All cells arise only from preexisting cells.
What does "omnis cellula e cellula" mean?
Essentially, every cell comes from another cell.
What is the fourth modern cell theory statement?
Cells contain genetic information (DNA) that is passed on to the next cell generation.
What are the four statements of cell theory?
1. Organisms are made of cells; 2. the cell is the basic unit of life; 3. cells come from existing cells; 4. cells contain and pass on DNA.
What are four major characteristics shared by all cells?
Organizational complexity, molecular components, different sizes and shapes, and specialization by genetic programming.
How are cells organizationally complex?
Cells are highly organized systems with specialized proteins and complex metabolism.
What do eukaryotic cells contain that demonstrates organizational complexity?
Organelles.
What do all cells contain as molecular components?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
What roles do carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids have in cells?
They have structural and functional roles.
Do all cells have the same size and shape?
No; cells come in many different sizes and shapes.
Can cells be unicellular or multicellular?
Yes, cells can be unicellular or part of multicellular organisms.
How can cells differ in shape?
Some cells are highly specialized in shape.
What information do genes contain?
Information and instructions for constructing cellular structures, running cellular activities, and making more cells.
How does genetic programming produce specialized cells?
Different genetic programs allow cells to become specialized.
What is 1 μm in meters?
1 μm = 10⁻⁶ m, or one-millionth of a meter.
What is 1 nm in meters?
1 nm = 10⁻⁹ m, or one-billionth of a meter.
How many nanometers are in 1 micrometer?
1 μm = 1,000 nm.
What is 1 μm in centimeters?
1 μm = 0.0001 cm.
What is 1 μm in millimeters?
1 μm = 0.001 mm.
What is 1 nm in centimeters?
1 nm = 0.0000001 cm.
What is 1 nm in millimeters?
1 nm = 0.000001 mm.
What is an easy way to remember micro and nano?
Micro = 10⁻⁶ m; nano = 10⁻⁹ m.
What is the approximate size of the smallest bacteria?
About 0.2-0.3 μm.
What is the typical size of bacteria?
About 1-5 μm.
What is the typical size of animal cells?
About 10-100 μm.
What is the typical size of eukaryotic cells?
Generally 10-100 μm.
How long can some elongated nerve cells become?
1 meter or more.
How do organelles often compare in size with bacterial cells?
They are often comparable in size to bacterial cells.
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
What are examples of Bacteria?
Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus lactis, cyanobacteria, and Bacillus anthracis.
What are methanogens?
Archaea that produce methane.
Where do halophiles live?
In extremely salty environments.
Where do thermacidophiles live?
In acidic hot springs.
What does Eukarya include?
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
What are protists?
Mostly unicellular organisms including algae, protozoans, and water molds.
What are plants?
Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms.
What are fungi?
Molds and mushrooms that are heterotrophic and lack chloroplasts.
What are animals?
Multicellular organisms that ingest and process food.
What is the typical size of Archaea?
About 1-5 μm.
What is the typical size of Eukaryotes?
About 10-100 μm.
What similarities do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share?
Both have plasma membranes, may have cell walls, have genetic material and ribosomes, and carry out cellular processes and metabolism.
Do prokaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus?
No.
Do eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus?
Yes.
Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
In the nucleoid region.
Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
In the nucleus.
Do prokaryotes generally have membrane-bound organelles?
No.
Do eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?
Yes.
Do prokaryotes generally have internal membranes?
No.
Do eukaryotes have internal membranes?
Yes.
Do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes?
Yes.
How do prokaryotes divide?
By binary fission.
How do eukaryotic cells divide?
By mitosis or meiosis plus cytokinesis.
What is the usual shape of prokaryotic DNA?
Circular.
What is the usual shape of eukaryotic chromosomes?
Linear chromosomes associated with histones.
What is the typical size of prokaryotic cells?
1-5 μm.
What is the typical size of eukaryotic cells?
10-100 μm.
Can prokaryotes perform exocytosis and endocytosis?
No.
Can eukaryotes perform exocytosis and endocytosis?
Yes.
What is an important exception to the lack of internal membranes in bacteria?
Cyanobacteria have extensive internal membranes used for photosynthesis.
What is cell culture?
Growing cells under controlled conditions in vitro.
What are primary cell cultures?
Cells directly isolated from human or animal tissues and then grown under controlled conditions.
Why are primary cell cultures useful?
They more closely represent the in vivo state.
What are HeLa cells?
An immortalized human cell line derived from Henrietta Lacks's cancer cells.
Who was Henrietta Lacks?
An African-American woman whose cancer cells became the source of the HeLa cell line.
What was the first immortalized human cell line?
HeLa.
Why have HeLa cells been important?
They have been extremely important in medical research, including vaccine research.
Were Henrietta Lacks's cells taken with her consent?
No, her cells were taken without her consent.
When did Henrietta Lacks die?
She died in 1951 at age 31.
What has happened to Henrietta Lacks's cells since her death?
Her cells have continued to be used in research.
What is cytology?
The study of cellular structure, historically emphasizing observation using optical techniques.
How did microscopy help cytology?
It overcame the problem of the extremely small size of cells and their components.
What structures did cytology and microscopy help reveal?
Cells, nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other cellular structures.
What became one of the major tools of cell biology?
Microscopy.
What three major strands does modern cell biology combine?
Cytology, biochemistry, and genetics.
What does cytology study?
Cellular structure using microscopy and other optical techniques.
What does biochemistry study?
Cellular structure and function at the molecular level.
What does biochemistry examine?
Biological molecules and chemical processes.
What methods are used in biochemistry?
Chromatography, electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and subcellular fractionation.
What does genetics study?
Information flow and heredity.
What does genetics include?
The study of genes, DNA, chromosomes, and genomes.
What created modern cell biology?
The convergence of cytology, biochemistry, and genetics.
How can microscopy be used for disease diagnosis?
Tissue and organ sections can be examined to diagnose disease.
How can blood smears be used medically?
They can help identify diseases.
What parasite can microscopy identify in blood?
Malarial parasites.