Review of Related Literature and Qualitative Research Methods Flashcards

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards reviewing Literature Review concepts, citation styles, qualitative research designs, sampling methods, data collection tools, coding techniques, and research ethics based on lecture notes.

Related Literature

Discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related, usually found in printed materials like books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, and newspapers.

Related Studies

Studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing, usually found in unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations.

Short Direct Quotation

A citation pattern copying the author's exact words not exceeding 40 words, which requires providing the specific page number where readers can find the copied words.

Long Direct Quotation

A citation pattern copying 40 up to 100 words of exact text (limited to 8 lines under APA), placed at the center of the page with no indentation to look like a stanza.

APA (American Psychological Association)

A citation style where general ideas are emphasized over exact words, publication date is important in in-text citations and reference list, and author first names are omitted; formatted as (Author Last Name, Year).

MLA (Modern Language Association)

A citation style placing emphasis on exact words of other writers, using page numbers in in-text citations and full author names in the Works Cited list; formatted as (Author Last Name Page).

CMA (Chicago Manual Style)

A citation style available in Author-Date and Notes and Bibliography formats, where Notes and Bibliography uses footnotes and/or endnotes to elaborate on source material; formatted as (Author Last Name Year, Page).

Integral Citation

A citation approach using active verbs like claim, assert, state to report author ideas and express the author's mental position, attitude, stand, or opinion.

Non-Integral Citation

A citation approach where emphasis is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas, reflecting personal inclinations to content.

Chronological Order

An approach in ordering citations based on their publication date.

Broad-To-Specific Topic

An approach in ordering citations by starting with general works on a topic and moving to more detailed or specialized studies.

Thematic Concept or Topic

An approach in ordering citations by grouping them based on subtopics or themes.

Intellectual Property (IP)

Creations of the mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.

Industrial Property

A category of intellectual property that encompasses inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source.

Copyright

A category of intellectual property protecting literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pantomimes, pictorial/graphic/sculptural works, motion pictures, sound recordings, and architectural works.

Population

The complete group of people, animals, or objects that have the same characteristics that the research needs.

Sample

A group of individuals that represent the population.

Sampling

The process of choosing a sample from a population.

Convenience Sampling

A sampling method involving selecting people that are the most convenient for the researcher based on subject availability.

Quota Sampling

A non-random sampling method used when a researcher cannot take a probability sample, selecting subjects from identified composite profiles of major groups to represent each group.

Purposeful Sampling

A sampling method where particular individuals or cases are selected because they are information-rich and particularly informative about the topic.

Typical Case Sampling

A sampling method where the researcher investigates a person, group, or site that is representative of many, requiring sufficient knowledge about population characteristics.

Snowball Sampling

A sampling method done by asking relevant people if they know someone willing to participate, often using social media for crowd sourcing or community referrals.

Opportunistic Sampling

A sampling method that selects respondents who are readily available within a close physical range to the researcher.

Primary Data

First-hand information based on actual experiences or observations gathered directly by actual researchers.

Secondary Data

Data gathered from secondary sources such as previous research, audio recordings, books, or census information.

Structured Interview

An interview with a set of predetermined questions ready to use, where the interviewer does not ask beyond what is written.

Unstructured Interview

An interview using an outline or list of topics rather than pre-made questions to understand the respondent's point of view.

Semi-Structured Interview

An interview technique combining structured and unstructured methods using prepared questions while allowing free follow-up questions.

Naturalistic Observation

An observational method where a researcher observes the behavior of a group of people in their natural setting.

Participative Observation

An observational method where a researcher takes part in the activities of the group of people being observed.

Nonnaturalistic Observation

An observational method where a researcher decides on an ideal environment to complete the research.

Ethnography

A qualitative study design aimed at describing a cultural group and gaining an in-depth understanding of complex social phenomena through direct immersion over an extended period.

Grounded Theory

A qualitative study design aimed at constructing a theoretical model explaining phenomena of interest based on direct participant experiences using constant comparative methods.

Phenomenology

A qualitative study design focused on deriving an understanding of the essential meanings of lived experiences through extended participant interviews.

Case Study

A qualitative study involving an in-depth analysis of single or multiple cases using multiple sources of data.

Qualitative Data Analysis

A process of gathering, structuring, and interpreting qualitative (non-numerical) data to understand what it represents.

Holistic Analysis

An analysis approach in case study research focused on analyzing the entire case.

Embedded Analysis

An analysis approach in case study research focused on analyzing a specific aspect of the case.

Within-Case Analysis

An analysis phase identifying themes that emerge from data collected from each individual instance of a case.

Cross-Case Analysis

An analysis phase developing thematic analysis across multiple cases to compare assertions and interpretations of emerging themes.

Spradley's 12-Step Ethnographic Method

An ethnographic methodology progressing through 12 steps including locating/interviewing an informant, ethnographic recording, domain analysis (1st level), taxonomic analysis (2nd level), componential analysis (3rd level), theme analysis (4th level), and writing the ethnography.

Colaizzi's Method

A 7-step phenomenological analysis method involving reading protocols, extracting significant statements, formulating meanings, clustering themes, integrating results into exhaustive descriptions, formulating unequivocal statements, and validating with participants.

In Vivo Coding

A qualitative coding method using the participant's own spoken language and words to stay close to their intent.

Process Coding

A qualitative coding method capturing actions in qualitative data, typically using gerunds ending in '-ing'.

Descriptive Coding

A qualitative coding method summarizing text content into a description using a single word or noun.

Structural Coding

A qualitative coding method categorizing sections of text according to a specific structure for further analysis within those structures.

Values Coding

A qualitative coding method for excerpts pertaining to the participant's values, attitudes, and beliefs.

Simultaneous Coding

A qualitative coding technique where a single excerpt of qualitative data is coded with multiple codes.

Open Coding

An initial round of loose and tentative coding breaking down qualitative data into discrete excerpts.

Axial Coding

A qualitative coding phase involving finding links between categories and subcategories identified during open coding.

Selective Coding

A qualitative coding phase focused on deciding on the central or core category.

Deductive Coding

A top-down coding approach starting with a pre-determined codebook or set of a priori codes based on research questions or existing theory.

Inductive Coding

A ground-up coding approach where codes are derived directly from the qualitative data without pre-determined structures.

Verbatim Transcription

Transcribing every spoken word, pause, stutter, and filler word (such as 'ahs' and 'ums') from an audio recording.

Intelligent Transcription

Transcribing every word while excluding pauses, stutters, and filler words and cleaning up grammar.

Edited Transcription

Cleaning up and editing text to increase readability and clarity, including fixing grammar or summarizing parts.

Voluntary Participation

An ethical principle where research subjects are free to choose to participate without pressure or coercion and can withdraw at any point without repercussions.

Informed Consent

An ethical situation where potential participants receive and understand all study information (benefits, risks, funding, approval) before deciding to participate and signing consent.

Anonymity

An ethical condition where the researcher does not know participant identities and cannot link individual participants to their data.

Confidentiality

An ethical condition where the researcher knows participant identities but removes all identifying information from reports to protect privacy.

Research Misconduct

Academic fraud committed intentionally by making up or falsifying data, manipulating data analyses, or misrepresenting results in research reports.

Self-Plagiarism

An ethical violation occurring when a researcher republishes or re-submits parts of their own papers or reports without properly citing the original work.