Module 2: 2.2.2

Which of the following statements about Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka is correct?

It declared segregation by race in the public schools unconstitutional

Which of the following best defines the term "judicial activism"?

The attempts by judges to influence public policy through their case decisions.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases involved the principle of one person, one vote?

Baker v. Carr

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court establish the precedent that a right to privacy stems from several amendments in the Bill of Rights?

Griswold v. Connecticut

The federal government may restrict civil liberties during a time of war citing

The need to protect national security.

What are civil rights?

that the federal government will treat people equally, and that decisions will be based on merit, rather than race, ​gender, religion, or other personal characteristics.

What is another name for civil rights?

Positive rights

Who founded the NAACP?

E.B.W. Dubois

What is the purpose of the NAACP?

powerful tool for advancing civil rights in the 1950s and in the 1960s​

Name three things that Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas did?

Who was the Justices of Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?

Earl Warren

What did Engel versus Vitale do?

banned the reading of Bible ​ in public schools​

What was the reasoning for the ruling of Engel versus Vitale?

that it placed an indirect coercive pressure upon religious minorities​

What are civil liberties?

defined as freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution.​

What can civil liberties sometimes be called, why are they called this?

negative rights, because in these areas, they cartel the power of government​

What do civil liberties focus on?

the freedom from interference by the government or other entities​

Explain Griswold v. Connecticut.

the Supreme Court ruled that a Connecticut law banning the use of contraception violated the right to privacy, specifically the marital right to privacy ​

What did Griswold v. Connecticut establish?

a constitutional right to privacy​

Explain Lawrence versus Texas.

in 1986 homosexual acts, which were illegal in Texas​ and stated that consenting homosexual adult have a right to privacy

Explain Roe v. Wade 1973

In 1973, in a seven-to-two opinion, the Supreme court sided with the plaintiff, Roe, stating that the right to privacy included the right to abortion ​

Explain what Dobbs v. Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 2022 did

Repealed Roe v. Wade and eliminated the federal constitutional right to an abortion, effectively overturning nearly 50 years of precedent​

What did Baker versus Carr in 1962, and Reynolds vs Sims 1964 do?

one person, one vote rule in American constitutional law​. asserts each individual's vote should carry equal weight in the electoral process, ensuring fairness and equality in democratic representation​

What is gerrymandering?

the manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor specific groups or parties, potentially leading to unequal representation ​

Explain Evenwel v. Abbott 2016.

affirmed that states can use total population, rather than just voter-eligible population, when drawing state legislative districts​

What did Evenwel v. Abbott center around?

the interpretation of the"one person, one vote" principle, which is derivedfrom the Equal Protection Clause of theFourteenth Amendment​

What did the Partial Birth Abortion Act do?

Prohibits a specific late-term abortion procedure known as "partial-birth abortion” ​

Who signed the Partial Birth Abortion?

George W in 2003

What did the Partial Birth Abortion Act not ban?

not apply if the procedure is necessary to save the mother's life. ​

What is judicial restraint?

when judges are hesitant to strike down laws or overturn precedents, preferring to let the other branches of government handle policy matters. ​

What is and judicial activism?

more willing to strike down laws, create new legal precedents, and actively shape public policy. ​

What did Executive order 9066 do?

Authorized the sending of all Americans of Japanese descent to makeshift prison camps.​

Who signed the Executive order 9066

Franklin Roosevelt in 1942

When are civil liberties often violated?

During a time of war

What did the Patriot Act do?

Expanded the government's abilities to put ​ Americans under surveillance and to monitor internet and phone communications.​