Anatomy and Phisiology: The Structural Basis of Human Function

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body and its parts

Physiology

The study of how the human body functions and the processes that occur within it

Gross anatomy

The study of visible structures of the human body without the use of a microscope

Histology

The study of tissues and their microscopic structure

Histopathology

The microscopic examination of tissues to diagnose diseases

Surface anatomy

The study of the external structures of the body and their relationships to deeper structures

Systemic anatomy

The study of the organs and structures of one organ system at a time

Regional anatomy

The study of the organs and structures in a specific region of the body

Functional morphology

The study of how the form and structure of organs relate to their function

Comparative anatomy

The study of similarities and differences in the structure of different species to understand evolutionary trends and generalizations

Inspection

The simplest method of examining the body by visually observing its external appearance

Dissection

The cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships and structures

Palpation

The examination of the body by feeling structures with the fingertips

Auscultation

The examination of the body by listening to the sounds it produces

Percussion

The examination of the body by tapping on it to listen for signs of abnormalities

Medical imaging

Techniques that allow visualization of internal structures without the need for surgery

Radiography

The use of X-rays to create images of internal structures

Computed Tomography

A more advanced application of X-rays that produces detailed cross-sectional images of the body

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues

Positron Emission Tomography

A technique that involves injecting a radioactive substance into the body to highlight active areas

Sonography

The use of high-frequency ultrasound waves to create images of internal organs

Anatomical Variation

The natural differences in internal anatomy among individuals

Homeostasis

The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

Negative Feedback

A mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by reversing a change and returning the body to its normal state

Positive Feedback

A self-amplifying cycle that leads to a greater change in the same direction

Organism

A single, complete individual

Organ System

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organ

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a specific function

Tissue

A group of similar cells and cell products that work together to perform a specific function

Cell

The smallest unit of life that carries out the functions of living organisms

Anatomical Position

The standard reference position for describing the human body, with the body standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Axial Region

The region of the body that includes the head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Region

The region of the body that includes the upper and lower limbs

Cranial Cavity

The cavity enclosed by the skull that contains the brain

Vertebral Canal

The space that passes down the vertebral column and is continuous with the cranial cavity

Thoracic Cavity

The cavity that contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels

Abdominal Cavity

The cavity that contains most of the digestive organs

Pelvic Cavity

The cavity that contains the lowermost part of the large intestine, bladder, and reproductive organs

Peritoneum

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity

Integumentary System

The system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

Skeletal System

The system that includes the bones, cartilages, and ligaments

Muscular System

The system that includes the skeletal muscles

Lymphatic System

The system that includes the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils

Respiratory System

The system that includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Urinary System

The system that includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Nervous System

The system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Endocrine System

The system that includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas

Circulatory System

The system that includes the heart and blood vessels

Digestive System

The system that includes the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

Male Reproductive System

The system that includes the testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Female Reproductive System

The system that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands

Metabolism

Sum of all internal chemical change in organism

Itis

Inflammation of

Germ Layers

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

Loss of Homeostatic control

Tends to cause illness or death

ParaSagittal

Sagittal Plane is uneven

MidSagittal

Runs directly down the midline of the body

Viscera

internal organs

Mediastinum

contains esophagus, trachea, heart, and major blood vessels

Retroperitoneal Organs

lie against the posterior body wall

Kidneys, aorta, inferior vena cava, and pancreas are examples of

Retroperitoneal Organs

What arises from same region of an embryo?

Tissue

Characteristics of Matrix surrounding cells

differ in all 4 tissues