AP World - Unit 2

Filial piety

respect and devotion to one's parents and ancestors; a key virtue in Confucianism

Confucianism

a philosophy founded by Confucius emphasizing moral integrity, social harmony, and proper relationships

Five relationships

Confucian idea that society is structured through five key relationships (ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, elder brother-younger brother, friend-friend), each with defined roles

Daoism (Taoism)

a Chinese philosophy focused on living in harmony with the Dao (the Way), emphasizing nature, simplicity, and spontaneity

Tibetan Buddhism

a form of Mahayana Buddhism practiced in Tibet, blending Buddhist teachings with local spiritual traditions and led by figures like the Dalai Lama

Zen Buddhism

a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing meditation, intuition, and direct experience over scripture

Cultural diffusion

: the spread of ideas, technologies, customs, religions, or cultural practices from one society to another

Mandate of Heaven

the Chinese belief that a ruler's authority came from heaven and could be lost if the ruler governed poorly or unjustly

Sinification

the process by which non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, language, and political systems

Shinto

the indigenous religion of Japan focusing on kami (spirits), rituals, and nature worship

Koryo

a Korean dynasty (918–1392) known for its cultural achievements and the origin of the name "Korea"

Champa

a kingdom in present-day Vietnam known for its maritime trade and cultural exchanges with India and China

Grand Canal

a massive waterway system in China connecting the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, facilitating trade and communication

meritocracy

a system where people gain positions based on ability and merit, not birth or wealth

civil service exam

 a test based on Confucian texts used to select government officials in imperial China

bureaucracy

 the organized body of civil servants who manage daily operations in government

tributary system

a network of trade and foreign relations where other states paid tribute to China in exchange for trade rights and protection

scholar gentry

educated elite in China who passed the civil service exams and held government positions

Neo-Confucianism 

 a revival and reinterpretation of Confucian thought during the Song Dynasty, incorporating elements of Daoism and Buddhism

khan

a title for a Mongol ruler or leader

Pax Mongolica

a period of peace and stability across Eurasia under Mongol rule, which promoted trade and cultural exchange

Yuan Dynasty

the Chinese dynasty established by Kublai Khan, a Mongol ruler, integrating Mongol and Chinese governance

Who was known for leading the Treasure Fleet?

Zheng He

Personally, what did Confucianism encourage?

Positive personal virtues, such as discipline, obedience, and proper behavior as a gentleman.

In family, what did Confucianism encourage?

Respect for one’s elders

In the government, what did Confucianism encourage?

Leaders that led by example and ruled wisely.

What did Daoism believe people should be in unity with?

Nature

In Daoism, what is the universal force that guides life?

The Way

Daoist government was …

Limited

Who started Legalism?

Han Feizi

In Legalism, what was human nature said to be?

Selfish

Laws…. punishments….. what were they like?

Strict and Harsh

How did Legalists believe the government should be?

Centralized

WP? If a ruler himself is upright, all will go well without orders. But if he himself is not upright, even though he gives orders they will not be obeyed.

Confucianism

WP? The object of rewards is to encourage; that of punishments, to prevent.  If rewards are high, then what the ruler wants will be quickly effected; if punishments are heavy, what he does not want will be swiftly prevented.

Legalism

WP? The highest good is like water. Because water excels in benefiting the myriad creatures without contending with them, and settles where none would like to be, it comes close to the Way.

Daoism

WP? The severe household has no defiant slaves, while it is the affectionate mother who has the prodigal son.

Legalism

How did Buddhism enter China?

via Silk Road

What did Theravada Buddhism teach?

Buddhism’s original teachings.

Where did Theravada Buddhism spread?

Southeast Asia

Where did Mahayana Buddhism spread?

China, Korea, Japan

Tibetan Buddhism is a form of ________ Buddhism

Mahayana

In contrast to the other Buddhism, what does Tibetan Buddhism use?

Mantras

Which Buddhism went to Japan?

Chen/Zen

Sinification

adoption of Chinese culture

Dai Viet (the north)

often controlled by Chinese

Champa (the south)

independent trading kingdom

What are the two major rivers in China?

Huang He & Yangtze

What did the Zhou Dynasty encorporate?

Mandate of Heaven, claiming that Shang lost the Mandate of Heaven by becoming corrupt and neglecting their duties.

Who reunified the Qin Dynasty?

Qin Shi Huang

What are two notable achievements of the Qin Dynasty?

Great Wall, Terracotta soldiers

In this Qin Dynasty, what were taxes and rules like?

Heavy taxes, strict rules

What happened in China following Qin Shi Huang’s death?

Civil war

What was established in the Han Dynasty?

Confucianism, including the civil service exam

Was the Han Dynasty unstable and poor, or stable and prosperous?

Stable and prosperous

Which Dynasty began the construction of the Grand Canal?

Sui Dynasty

Who was a notable ruler within the Tang Dynasty?

Empress Wu Zeitan

The Song Dynasty went back to which philosophy?

Confucianism

Did the Song Dynasty have a centralized, or bureaucratic government?

Bureaucratic

What did the Song Dynasty revive within the government?

Civil service exam, meritocracy

What did the tributary system demonstrate?

Chinese dominance

Was the Southern Song Dynasty weak or strong?

Weak

Who did Southern Song pay tribute to?

the Jin

Shift from products for local consumption to products for distant markets

Commercialization

Which items/goods were traded in China?

• Silk and cotton textiles

• Porcelain

• Spices

• Slaves

• Precious metals/gems

What fabric was sought after in Song Dynasty China?

Silk

Aside from goods and religion . . . what else did the Silk Road spread?

Disease!!

Who were the nomads of the Asian steppe?

Huns, Mongols, & Turks

Who united Mongol clans?

Genghis Khan

Why was Genghis Khan so successful?

He was a brilliant military organizer

a large reason in why the Mongolian military was successful due to this skill……

skilled horsemen

Which areas did the Mongols destroy?

The Mongols destroyed Utrar, Samarkand, and Bukhara—and slaughtered their inhabitants.

Trebuchet

Used by Mongols to attack cities, could hurl heavy projectives over long distances.

What did Genghis Khan do to the Silk Road?

Stabilize it through fear! (No more bandits)

After the death of Genghis Khan…

The Mongol Empire split up into KHANATES

Amongst who were the Khanates split up to?

Genghis Khan’s sons

The Mongol Empire conquered…

China, Central Asia, Eastern Europe

How many sections was the Mongol Empire divided into?

Four

What are the names of the sections the Mongol Empire was divided into?

Great Khan, Khanate of Chaghatai, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde