Chem 14C General

What oxygen lone pair conditions should be easily identified?

What nitrogen lone pair conditions should be easily identified?

Bronsted Acid

Proton donor

Bronsted base

Proton acceptor

What makes boiling point lower?

London dispersion forces only, branching “if you’re branched, you’re calm like a tree”

What do you need to think about when drawing lewis structures, specifically when containing C, N, O, or F?

Each of these atoms needs a full octet

What is the bond angle for a tetrahedral geometry?

109.5

What is the bond angle for trigonal pyramidal geometry?

<109.5

What two factors influence london dispersion forces?

Molecular size (greater size, greater forces) and branching (less surface area, less force)

When determining boiling point, what is the most important (strongest bonding) factor to look for?

OH groups (hydrogen bonding sites)

What is a node in terms of valence bond theory

What happens when out of phase waves destructively interfere, and the probability of finding an electron in this region is nearly 0.

What is a sigma bond?

When 2 atomic orbitals overlap head to head. All single bonds are sigma bonds

What does conjugated mean in the context of MO theory?

A series of alternating single and double bonds, or a series of overlapping P orbitals

What is steric strain?

When bulky groups off of chains get close enough to each other to influence one another.

What is torsional strain?

When bonds eclipse each other and interfere with each other’s electron clouds.

What is a bridgehead carbon?

Carbon atoms that are fused to both rings when two rings are fused together.

What is a bridge carbon?

A carbon that connects the two bridgehead carbons.

What is an enantiomer?

Pairs of molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images

What are diastereomers?

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other.

What are stereoisomers?

Molecules with the same connectivity and different spatial arrangements.

What do E and Z mean?

For alkenes, with 2 different substituents, E is the configuration where the higher priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond. Z. is the configuration where higher priority groups are on the same side of the double bond. E=opposite. Z=same. Pick the higher priority on each carbon. They cannot be on the same carbon.