E2 Lec3 part1

Flashcards covering the volume of intracellular compartments, evolutionary origins of organelles, protein signal sequences, and nuclear structure based on the lecture transcript.

In a typical liver cell hepatocyte, there are about __________ mitochondria packed inside.

$$1,700$$

The mitochondria represent __________ of the total cell volume in a typical liver cell hepatocyte.

$$22\%$$

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) represents about __________ of the cell volume in a typical hepatocyte.

$$12\%$$

The transcript refers to the ancient eukaryotic cell that absorbed an aerobic bacterium as an __________.

archaeon

The endomembrane system, including the ER and Golgi complex, is thought to have originated from the __________ of the cell membrane.

invagination

A protein is __________ in the cytoplasm if it is produced without any kind of signal sequence.

retained

The signal sequence for the endoplasmic reticulum is located at the __________ of the protein.

N-terminus

In addition to an import sequence, proteins that stay in the ER have an ER retention sequence at the __________.

C-terminus

The ER retention sequence is sometimes referred to as the __________ sequence, named after its amino acids.

K del

The K del sequence consists of Lysine ($K$), asparatic acid ($D$), __________ ($E$), and Leucine ($L$).

glutamic acid

Proteins are moved into the nucleus when their __________ (NLS) is exposed, often following hormone binding.

nuclear localization sequence

The structure of the nucleus is a __________, meaning it consists of two separate bilayers.

double lipid bilayer

The outer membrane of the nucleus is continuous with the __________.

endoplasmic reticulum

Nuclear shape is maintained by a layer of cytoskeletal proteins on the inner aspect of the membrane called the __________.

nuclear lamina