psychopathology exam four

conversion disorder

A disorder in which sensory or motor function is impaired, even though there is no detectable neurological explanation for the deficits.

depersonalization

An alteration in perception of the self in which the individual feels estranged from the self and perhaps separated from the body; may be a temporary reaction to stress and fatigue or part of panic disorder, depersonalization disorder, or schizophrenia.

depersonalization/derealization disorder

A DSM-5 disorder defined by the sustained presence of depersonalization (detachment from sense of self) or derealization (detachment from the sense of reality).

derealization

Loss of the sense that the surroundings are real; present in several psychological disorders, such as panic disorder, depersonalization disorder, and schizophrenia.

dissociation

A symptom in which some aspect of emotion, memory, or experience is inaccessible consciously.

dissociative amnesia

A dissociative disorder in which the person suddenly becomes unable to recall important personal information to an extent that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.

dissociative disorders

Disorders in which the normal integration of consciousness, memory, or identity is suddenly and temporarily altered; include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality), and depersonalization/derealization disorder.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder) in which two or more distinct and separate personalities are present within the same individual, each with its own memories, relationships, and behavior patterns, with only one of them dominant at any given time.

explicit memory

Memory involving the conscious recall of experiences; the area of deficits typically seen in dissociative amnesia.

factitious disorder

Disorder in which the individual’s physical or psychological symptoms appear under voluntary control and are adopted merely to assume the role of a sick person; called factitious disorder imposed on another, or Munchausen syndrome by proxy, when a parent produces a physical illness in a child.

fugue subtype

Subtype of dissociative amnesia in which the person experiences total amnesia, moves, and establishes a new identity.

iatrogenic

Inadvertently induced by treatment.

illness anxiety disorder

A disorder defined by excessive concern and help seeking about health concerns in the absence of major physical symptoms

implicit memory

Memory that underlies behavior but is based on experiences that cannot be consciously recalled; typically not compromised in cases of dissociative amnesia

malingering

Faking a physical or psychological incapacity to avoid a responsibility or gain an end, where the goal is readily recognized from the individual’s circumstances; distinct from conversion disorder, in which the incapacity is assumed to be beyond voluntary control.

posttraumatic model (of DID)

Etiological model of dissociative identity disorder that assumes the condition begins in childhood as a result of severe physical or sexual abuse

sociocognitive model (of DID)

Etiological model of dissociative identity disorder that considers the condition to be the result of learning to enact social roles, though not through conscious deception, but in response to suggestion

somatic symptom and related disorders

DSM-5 disorders defined by concerns about physical symptoms.

somatic symptom disorder

A DSM-5 diagnosis defined by excessive concern and help seeking regarding physical symptoms.

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Personality disorder defined by the absence of concern for others’ feelings or social norms and a pervasive pattern of rule breaking.

avoidant personality disorder

Personality disorder defined by aloofness and extreme sensitivity to potential rejection, despite desire for affiliation and affection.

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Personality disorder defined by impulsiveness and unpredictability, an uncertain self-image, intense and unstable social relationships, and extreme swings of mood.

dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder in which people are overly concerned about maintaining relationships. People with this disorder often allow others to make decisions for them and are reluctant to make demands that could challenge relationships.

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A therapeutic approach to borderline personality disorder that combines client-centered empathy and acceptance with behavioral problem solving, social skills training, and limit setting.

histrionic personality disorder

A personality disorder defined by overly dramatic behavior, emotional excess, and sexually provocative behavior.

mentalization therapy

A psychodynamic therapy, empirically validated for the treatment of borderline personality disorder, in which clients are taught to take a reflective stance in responding to their emotions and interpersonal difficulties.

narcissistic personality disorder

Personality disorder defined by extreme self-centeredness; a grandiose view of one’s uniqueness, achievements, and talents; an insatiable craving for admiration and approval from others; willingness to exploit others to achieve goals; and expectation of much more from others than one is willing to give in return.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Personality disorder defined by inordinate difficulty with making decisions, extreme concern with details and efficiency, and poor relations with others due to demands that things be done just so, as well as the person’s unduly conventional, serious, formal, and stingy emotions.

paranoid personality disorder

A personality disorder defined by expectation of mistreatment at the hands of others, suspicion, secretiveness, jealousy, argumentativeness, unwillingness to accept blame, and cold and unemotional affect.

personality disorders

A group of disorders involving long-standing, inflexible, and maladaptive personality traits that impair functioning.

personality trait domains

Five personality dimensions included in section III of the DSM-5 manual to help supplement diagnoses of personality disorders: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism.

personality trait facets

Narrow personality dimensions, such as anxiousness, emotional lability, hostility, perseveration, separation insecurity, and submissiveness within the broader trait of negative affectivity.

psychopathy

A personality syndrome related to antisocial personality disorder but defined by unemotionality, impulsivity, manipulativeness, and irresponsibility.

schizoid personality disorder

A personality disorder defined by emotional aloofness; indifference to the praise, criticism, and feelings of others; maintenance of few, if any, close friendships; and solitary interests.

schizotypal personality disorder

Personality disorder defined by eccentric behavior, odd beliefs and unusual perceptions (e.g., magical thinking), and interpersonal deficits.

transference-focused therapy

A psychodynamic therapy that has been found to be more helpful than treatment as usual for those with borderline personality disorder, in which a focus is placed on the client’s responses to the therapist and how those might shed light on experiences and expectations in the client’s other relationships.