Biological and Psychological theory

Cesare Lombroso

Influential Italian criminologist credited with the emergence of biological theories of crime.

Biological Theory

The Biological Theory of crime posits that individuals are born with inherent bio-psychological predispositions that shape their humanity and behavioral tendencies. This theory suggests that genetic factors, neurophysiological conditions, and hereditary traits play a crucial role in influencing a person's propensity toward criminality. Proponents argue that such biological factors may be responsible for various aspects of behavior, including aggression, impulsivity, and risk-taking, leading to a higher likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior.

Distinguishing Features

Definition: Cesare Lombroso claimed that primitive individuals, whom he referred to as 'born criminals', could be identified through distinctive physical features. He believed that these features included characteristics such as a sloping forehead, prominent jawlines, asymmetrical faces, and certain cranial shapes. Lombroso argued that these physical signs were indicative of atavism, representing a regression to earlier stages of human evolution. This perspective led him to assert that such individuals were biologically predisposed to deviance and criminal behavior, as they lacked the refined traits associated with 'civilized' societies.

Eugenics Movement

A movement during the Progressive era seeking to eliminate specific bloodlines, which borrowed theories from Lombroso.

Critical Transitional Phase

Puberty is recognized as a significant period for emotional maturity, influencing deviant behavior.

Humane Treatment of Prisoners

Lombroso advocated for programs to equip prisoners with skills for successful reintegration into society.

Asocial Behavior

Behavior linked by the Biological Theory to early childhood experiences and development stages.

Adolescence

Considered a sensitive period for the development of psychological traits that may lead to deviant behavior.

Recidivism

The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, explored through various biological and psychological theories.

Lombroso's Legacy

Influenced criminology despite being eventually disproven; his ideas on biological crime theories persisted.