ASU BIO 201: Chapter 9 - Joints

Define "joint"

a point at which parts of an artificial structure are joined

Name the term that is synonymous with joint

Articulations

Define arthrology

the study of joints

Define kinesiology

the study of musculoskeletal movement

Explain how joints are named

they are derived from the names of the bones involved

Define diarthrosis

freely movable

ex: carpals, elbow, knee

Define amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

ex: joints between the skull bones surrounding the brain,pubic symphysis or an intervertebral cartilaginous joint., the elbow joint

Define synarthrosis

little or no movement

ex: fibrous joints of the skull sutures and the cartilaginous manubriosternal joint

List four types of joints based on the way they adjacent bones are joined

bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints

Explain the discrepancy between the number of bones in infants and adults

the frontal and mandibular bones in infants, cranial sutures in elderly, attachment of first rib and sternum with old age

Describe a synostosis and give examples of where they are located

bony joint in the fibrous or cartilaginous joints

List and describe the three types of fibrous joints

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

Examples of sutures

cranial sutures

Examples of gomphoses

the roots of the teeth (the pegs) fit into their sockets in the mandible and maxilla

Examples of syndesmoses

manubriosternal joint or the joints between the skull bones surrounding the brain, in-between the radius and ulna as well as the tibia and fibula

Recognize three types of sutures

serrate, lap (squamous), plane (butt)

Examples of serrate sutures

coronal, sagittal, lambdoid

Examples of lap (squamous)

temporal and parietal bone, squamous suture

Examples of plane (butt)

palatine processes of the maxillae, intermaxillary suture

Define interosseous membrane

2 bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphosis

Where are interosseous membranes are located in the body

in between radius to the ulna and the tibia to the fibula

List the two types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses and symphyses

Describe the two types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses: Connecting material is hyaline cartilage---epiphyseal plate of a growing bone and between 1st rib and sternum

symphyses: bones are separated by a pad of cartilage-- intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Examples of synchondroses

first sternocostal joint (where the first rib meets the manubrium)

Examples of symphyses

pubic symphysis; the symphyses between the bones of the skull, most notably the mandible

Explain the significance of synovial joints

most structurally complex, most likely to have complications

Draw and label a synovial joint

What is the function of the synovial joint

absorb shock and reduce friction during movement

What is fibrocartilage?

growth inward from joint capsule in a few synovial joints

Describe fibrocartilage that is associated with synovial joints

articular disc, meniscus

Characterize the accessory structures of joints

tendons, ligaments, tendon sheaths, bursae

Why warm-up exercises are so important?

warm-up period before vigorous exercise helps protect cartilage from undue wear and tear

Explain the effects of exercise on synovial joints

exercise warms synovial fluid

Define axis of rotation

the straight line through all fixed points of a rotating rigid body around which all other points of the body move in circles

Describe a monoaxial joint

this joint has one degree of freedom or axis of rotation

Describe a biaxial joint

this joint has two degrees of freedom or axes of rotation

Describe a multiaxial joint

this joint has three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation

List, describe and give examples of the 6 types of synovial joints

ball and socket joints, condyloid (ellipsoid) joints, saddle joints, plane (gliding) joints, hinge joints, and pivots joints

Explain "range of motion"

the degrees through which a joint can move

Explain what is really meant if someone is described as "double-jointed"

people have long or slack ligaments

Define zero position

the position of a joint when a person is in standard anatomical position

List the following movements:

fexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation, pronation, supination, lateral/medial excursion, inversion, eversion, opposition, reposition, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

Flexion movement

movement that decreases the joint angle (common in hinge joints)

Extension movement

movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body party to the zero position

Hyperextension movement

further extension of a joint beyond the zero position

Abduction

movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement in the front plane back toward the midline

Elevation

a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

Depression

lowers a body part in the same plane

Protraction

anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

Retraction

posterior movement

Circumduction

end of the appendage remains stationary with other end makes a circular motion

Rotation

movement in which a bone spins in its longitudinal axis

Medial Rotation

turns the bone inward

Lateral Rotation

turns the bone outward

Supination

forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly and upward

Pronation

forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward

Lateral Flexion of the head and trunk

Flexion of trunk

Hyperflexion of the vertebral column

Rotation of the head

Specific movements of the mandible

Protraction-retraction, elevation-depression, lateral excursion, medial excursion

Protraction-Retraction

protract when you prepare to take a bite

Elevation-Depression

depress the mandible to take a bite

Lateral excursion

right or left movement from zero position

Medial excursion

movement back to the median, zero position

Ulnar flexion

tilts the hand toward the little finger

Radial flexion

tilts the hand toward the thumb

Flexion of fingers

curling them

Extension of fingers

straightening them

Abduction of the fingers

spread them apart

Adduction of the finger

bring them together again

Flexion of the thumb

tip of thumb directed toward palm

Extension of the thumb

straightening the thumb

Radial abduction

move thumb away from index finger 90°

Palmar abduction

moves thumb away from hand and points it anteriorly

Adduction of thumb

moves it to the zero position

Opposition

move the thumb to touch the tips of any of the fingers

Reposition

return the thumb to the zero position

Dorsiflexion

elevation of the toes as you do while swinging the foot forward to take a step (heel strike)

Plantar flexion

extension of the foot so that the toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe (toe-off)

Inversion

a movement in which the soles are turned medially

Eversion

a movement in which the soles are turned laterally

Supination of foot

complex combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction

Pronation of foot

complex combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction

Describe the cause of sprains

ligaments are torn or stretched

Treatment for sprains

Heal slowly - poorly vascularized

Completely torn - surgery or replacement

Describe torn cartilage

remain due to avascularization

Treatment for torn cartilage

Arthrosctorn opic surgery to remove damaged tissue.

Joint is less stable after removal

Describe a joint luxation (dislocations)

bones are forced out of alignment

Treatment for laxations (dislocations)

must be reduced

Explain which joint of the body is the most complex, and therefore most vulnerable to injury

knee joint

List the injuries that are most common to the knee

meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Define arthroscopy

a procedure in which the inferior of the joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision

Characterize the three types of arthritis

osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gouty arthritis (Gout)

Causes and treatments of osteoarthritis (OA)

causes: years of joint wear

treatments: acetaminophen

Causes and treatments of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

causes: autoimmune, attack against the joint tissues

treatment: steroids and aspirin control inflammation

Causes and treatments of Gouty Arthritis (Gout)

causes: hereditary

treatment: anti-inflammatory

Characterize TMJ syndrome - including signs, symptoms, causes and treatments

the articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

signs and symptoms:

can cause moderate intermittent facial pain

clicking sounds in the jaw

limitation of jaw movement

often severe headaches

Vertigo (dizziness)

tinitis (ringing in the ears)

pain radiating from jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back

cause of syndrome:

caused by combination of psychological tension and malocclusion

(misalignment of teeth)

treatment:

psychological management, physical therapy, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, corrective dental appliances to align teeth properly

List the bones that participate in the shoulder joint

glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint

head of the humerus articulated with the glenoid cavity