GEO 155 -1

LATTITUIDE

UP AND DOWN

affects climate because it affects how much solar energy a place receives.

Longitude

LEFT AND RIGHT

CAN BE WRITEN 0 - 360

EQUATOR IS

25K MILES AROUND EARTH

earth move

the equator moves over 1000 mph during rotation, we dont notice it bc its slow

circles of latitude gets smaller toward poles, surface moves slower

coriolis effect

earths rotation and change in surface speed w/ lat = hurricanes and weathre systems

earths orbit

follow the sun, not full circle (oval)

gravity (pull towards the sun) and inertia (want earth to go straight)

fight but = orbit

eccentricity

describes the shape of orbit

0 = perfect circle

1 = very elongated

earth eccentricty is = 0.01

Earth sun during seasons

sun doesnt cause seasons, the sun is closest in jan opp in july

changes in sun - earth affect both southern and northern

obliquity

earths orbit around the sun

earths obliquity is 23 degrees

the tilt is the same, some get more direct sun than other

axial tilt

causes seasons

equinoxes - equal amount of sun in sept and march

solar energy

w/m²

explains opposite timing —

less energy from sun = summer

more energy from sun = winter

suns angle

high sun energery = small area

low sun energy = spreads enerfy over larger area

longer days = more energy

tilt changes both sun angle and day length

longer days = sun has more time to warm the land

atmospheres change planetary surface temp

a planets orbit and atmosphere affect temp

perihelion

where earth is closest to the sun (winter)

eccentricy

describes how far the oribit is from a circle

a higher eccentricity = larger diff between the closest and farthest

obilquity

tilt of earths rotation axis (23 degrees)

higher obilquity = more sunlight

precession

direction the tilted axis points

determines when a hemisphere summer falls near the closest or the farthest poin of the orbit

changes whenever earth is closest to the sun in jan or july

all 3 cycles

run at different speeds, with eccentricty is 100k , obliquity 41k , precession 21k

all control the sunlight

air

78% nitrogen 28% oxygen .93 argon

co2

only .04% in atmosphere , control the temp of the planet

ghgs

GHGs = co2, methane, nitrous oxide

co2 - stayed the same until industrial rev = 1st was through ice sheets buried in snow

methane - affects temp, high usuage

nitrous oxide - agriculture

air pressure

air has weight , is the pressure of the weight of the air above

if air is removed , air pressure crushes ( air in bodies)

air pressure is strong, not changing

gravity

air pressure is at its maximum at the surface

pressure falls with height = exponential decline

why? atmosphere presses on itself. pressure falls with height bc less air

the atmosphere

thermo - space

meso - temp dec with height

strato - temp inc with height, holds the most ozone, absorbs uv light

tropo - weather , defined by temp and height

light

electromagnetic radiation / radiation

electromagnetic wave = back and forth electric and magnetic waves

wavelength

physical distance between 2 sucessive peaks

electromagnetic spectrum

gamma = deadly - shortest wave

radio = safest - longest wave

visible light

visible light part of electro spectrum

violet is shortest = red is the longest

we see colors differently bc eyes process those wavelengths

all objects emit

radiation, hotter objects emit shorter wv

closer to 1 = more radiation at that wv

shortwave = radiation from sun

longwave = from earth

sun emits

most strongly at visible wavelengths

closer to 1 = more radiation

most energy from sun os visible light

some solar energy arrives ultraviolet, at shorter wv than visable , some are infrared at longer wv

atmospheric transmission

the fraction of incoming sunlight that gets through the atmosphere at each wv

radiation from sun

shortwave

radiation emitted by earth

aka longwave radiation

albedo

fraction of light hitting a surface that is reflected

earths = .3 = 30% of incoming sunlight is ref to space 70 is absorbed

earth recieves 340 w/m² from sun

REF SUN DOESNT CONTRIBUTE TO HEATING PLANET

the atmosphere absorbs

80 w/m² of the incoming 340w/m²

some of the uv light absorbed by ozone

rest is absorbed lower down in atmo

the energy warms the air

the surface absorbs

160 w/m²

100 ref-80 absorb a-160 absorb s

warm surface

emits longwave radiation - (earth)

shortwave from the sun - energy that earth recives

longwave leaving to space is the energy earth loses

earth radiates to space at about

255K , 288 on surface

difference about 33k - 255 effective emission temp 288 - global mean surface temp

makes earth habitable

warm surfaces emit

LW radiation - gases absorb

GHG molcules absorb radiation — doesnt keep energy - remits in space and surface

GHGs - makes earth warm

more energy in than out

temp rises

energy balance - energy inpur is equal to energy loss

earths energy input - shortwave radiation

if energy absorbed is greather than energy emitted, energy accumulates and the temp of planet rises

if temp stable

absorbed and emitted - same

if energy absorbed is less = temp drops

temp - energy we recieve from sun and how much we lose to space

earth absorbs

240 w/m — emits 239

1 w/m² means that every second of every day more energy is absorbed by atmosphere than ommited

causes warming,

energy inbalance

positivly grown — planet gains more than loses

increase as long as the concentration fo GHG in the at keeps inc

co2 methane , nitrous oxide make it dif for lW to escape

radiative forcing

increasing co2 does to energy balance

earth emits due to warming

more longwave, planet is in the process of moving bakc toward energy balance in respose to co2 — temp rises , stays

planet comes back in to equl - equl is at a higher temp , solved by waiting 10000 yrs

planetary albedo

fallen, SW radiation the planet absorbs

reflected sunlight - down , earth ref less sun to space

absotbed sunlight - up , earth absorbed sun

ocean

accumulated energy- 90% in ocean - getting hot, more energy

1.5 stays in atmo - warming