world hsitory

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

athenian democracy

A system of government in ancient Athens where citizens voted directly on laws and decisions instead of electing leaders to decide for them.

Pericles

A powerful leader of Athens during its "Golden Age" who strengthened democracy, expanded the empire, and encouraged art, learning, and building projects like the Parthenon.

rule of law

The idea that everyone, including leaders, must follow the law and that laws apply equally to all people.

12 tables

The first written laws of Rome that gave citizens clear rights and duties and made sure laws applied to everyone.

Justinian

A Byzantine emperor who created the Justinian Code, a collection of laws that organized Roman laws and influenced later legal systems.

due proccess

The legal principle that the government must follow fair rules and procedures before taking away a person's life, freedom, or property.

Magna Carta

A document signed in 1215 that limited the king's power and established that rulers must also follow the law.

engilish common law

A legal system in England based on court decisions and past rulings (precedents) rather than just written laws.

glorious revolution

The 1688 event in England when King James II was overthrown and William and Mary took the throne, leading to a constitutional monarchy and stronger parliamentary power.

engilish bill of rights

A 1689 law that limited the king and queen's power, gave more power to Parliament, and protected people's rights like fair trials and free elections.

divine right

The belief that a king or queen's power comes directly from God, so they do not have to answer to the people.

absolute monarchy

A government where a king or queen has complete control over the country and its people.

despot

A ruler who has total power and often uses it in a cruel or oppressive way.

Czar

The title for a Russian emperor who had absolute power over the country.

Louis XIV

The "Sun King" of France who ruled as an absolute monarch for over 70 years and built the palace of Versailles.

Elizabeth 1

Queen of England (1558-1603) who strengthened the monarchy, defeated the Spanish Armada, and supported the arts and exploration.

catherine the great

Empress of Russia who expanded the empire, modernized the government, and promoted education and the arts.

philip II

King of Spain who strengthened Catholicism, built a powerful navy, and ruled during Spain's "Golden Age" of wealth and empire.

Ivan the terrible

The first czar of Russia, known for centralizing power, expanding the empire, and using violent tactics to control his people.

peter the great

Russian czar who modernized and westernized Russia, built a strong navy, and expanded the empire.

Huguenots

French Protestants who faced persecution in the 1500s and 1600s for their religious beliefs.

versailles

A grand palace built by Louis XIV in France to show his power and control the nobles

censorship

The practice of suppressing or controlling information, ideas, or media that people in power do not want others to see or hear.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 law in France that gave Huguenots (Protestants) limited religious freedom and protection from persecution.

Enlightened despots

Absolute rulers who used their power to bring about reforms, such as improving education, laws, and government, while keeping full control.

natural law

Natural law is the idea that there are basic rights and moral rules that come from nature or reason, not from governments or laws, and everyone is born with them.

natural rights

Basic rights that all people are born with, such as life, liberty, and property.

social contract

The idea that people agree to give up some freedoms to a government in exchange for protection and order.

Hobbes

Philosopher who believed people are naturally selfish and need a strong government to keep order.

Locke

Philosopher who believed people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and governments must protect these rights.

Rousseau

Philosopher who believed people are naturally good but corrupted by society, and governments should follow the "general will" of the people.

Montesqui

Philosopher who believed in separating government powers into branches to prevent any one person or group from becoming too powerful.

Voltaire

Philosopher who championed freedom of speech, religion, and thought, and criticized injustice and corruption.

Mary wollstonecraft

Writer and thinker who advocated for women's rights and equality, especially in education.

Olympe de Gouges

French activist who demanded equal rights for women and wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen."

Denis diderot

Philosopher who edited the Encyclopédie, spreading Enlightenment ideas about science, government, and society.

adam smith

Economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and promoted free-market capitalism and the idea of supply and demand.

thomas jefferson

American founding father who wrote the Declaration of Independence and promoted democracy, liberty, and individual rights.

U.S consitution

The written plan of government for the United States that outlines the powers of the government and protects citizens' rights.

"My trade is to say what i think" which supporter of freedom of speech and religion said this?

Voltaire

Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy of

laissez-faire

Laissez-faire

An economic policy meaning "let do" or "let it be," where the government does not interfere with business or the economy, allowing supply and demand to regulate naturally.

Physiocrats

A group of 18th-century French economists who believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and focused on economics

which phrase described the concept of natural rights?

rights that belong to all humans from birth

who thought people were naturally selfish and supported absolute monarchy?

Thomas hobbes

describe people who believed reason could lead to reforms of goverment,law and society

philosophes

philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers in 18th-century France who applied reason, logic, and criticism to government, society, and religion, promoting ideas

seperation of powers

government power should be divided into three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful.

According to the laissez faire economist adam smith a goverment should?

let free market forces of supply and demand drive the economy

how did Jean-Jaques Rousseaus beliefs differ from many enlighment thinkers?

the good of the community as a whole was most important

what event revolutionized thinking and led to the enlighment?

the scientific revolution

rococo

An artistic style that developed in 18th-century France, often linked with the reign of Louis XV. It was light, decorative, and elegant, and became associated with the lavish lifestyle of the aristocracy before the French Revolution.

Salons

Gatherings, often hosted in private homes (especially by wealthy women in 18th-century France), where philosophers, writers, artists, and political thinkers met to discuss ideas about government, society, and culture during the Enlightenment.

who toyed with enlighment ideas while ruling russia?

catherine the great

who famously hosted salons which were informed social gathering of enlightened intelletuals?

Madame Geoffrin

what difficulty did some women have with philosophers ideas?

philsophe slogan, "Free and equal" did not apply to women.

mary wollstonecraft was most well known for strongly advocating in female equality in?

education

What was Diderot's Encyclopedia greatest contribution to the enlightenment?

helped spread enlightenment ideas

popular sovereignty

ideas of declaration of independence that all government power comes from the people