HLAC10 Fall Semester Review

Finals babyy

4 ways to check credibility

Currency, Relevancy, Authority, Accuracy

Types of Evidence

Expert opinion, Facts, Data/Statistics, Anecdote

Anecdote / what does it do to your claim?

A story about a personal experience. Makes argument more personal, builds connections, stirs up emotions

Facts / what does it do to your claim?

Factual information (duh?). Builds credibility, creates trust, relies on logos

Expert Opinion / what does it do to your claim?

Using evidence from people with specialized knowledge. Builds credibility, creates trust, relies on logos

Data and statistics / what does it do to your claim?

Builds credibility, creates trust, relies on logos.

Bias

a speaker or writer’s clear preference for—or prejudice against—one side of the argument or viewpoint

Parts of an argument

claim (thesis), topic sentence, type of evidence, citing quotes, direct quote, paraphrase, counterargument, rebuttal.

claim / thesis

the position taken by the person making the argument; what they’re trying to prove or persuade the audience to believe

Counterargument

the opposing viewpoint; the argument made by the opponents or those who go against the claim.

Rebuttal

argument where the writer or speaker acknowledges the oppositions argument and then addresses the problems or important issues the opposition doesn’t consider

Types of rhetorical appeals

Logos, Ethos, Pathos

Logos

Brain / logical appeal

Ethos

credible appeal / authority

Pathos

Passion / emotional appeal

Logical Fallacy

A reasoning error that weakens or invalidates the argument

Ad Hominem

latin “to the man“, takes place when speaker attacks the character of their opponent

Bandwagon Appeal

go with the crowd; based on whats popular (not right sometimes)

Either-or-fallacy

false dilemma; takes a complex issue, makes it two options: this is good, this is bad.

Hasty generalization

inference or conclusion is drawn with insufficient evidence

slippery slope

relies on fear. steps to a bad consequence that may not be completely accurate

Diction

word choice

Parallelism

when structures between sentences or parts of a sentence take the same form

juxtaposition

to place one thing next to another to reveal a similarity or a contrast

antithesis

contrast of ideas or words in a balance or parallel construction

apostrophe

talking to something that can’t talk back (inanimate object)

asyndeton

leaving out conjunctions between clauses, words, etc.

polysyndeton

the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions

repetition

repeated language for emphasis, clarity, or emotional effect

anaphora

the deliberate repetition of a word of phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

epistrophe

figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is repeated one or more times at the end of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases

hypophora

the technique of asking a question, then immediately answering it

litote

using a negative in order to make an understatement

oxymoron

opposite words together that make a truth (bittersweet)

rhetorical question

writer asks a question but doesn’t expect an answer or provide one

allusion

an implied or indirect reference

characterization

the act of giving a character traits

connotation

implication by a word or thing

denotation

a direct specific meaning as distinct from an implied or associated idea

hyperbole

extravagant exaggeration

imagery

the use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas

irony

the use of words to express something other than and especially opposite of the literal meaning

simile

comparing two unlike things that is often introduce by like or as

metaphor

a word of phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a likeness or analogy between them

personification

representation of a thing of abstraction as a person or by the human form

point of view

a position or perspective form which something is considered or evaluated

symbol

something that stands for or suggests something else

theme

a subject or topic of discourse or of artistic representation

reader response

meaning made through interaction of reader and text

formalist

looks at shape / structure

new historicists / biographical

considers time and place the text was written as well as the author’s background

social political / marxist

looking at literature through social / political lense

psychoanalytical

applying psychological theories to the literature

post-colonial

viewing the literature through the perspective of marginalized group

ecocriticism

looking at the text with an eco pov

race theory

reading a text looking at issues of race, heritage ethnicity

gender

considering how text portrays men and women