Psych 1130-gentics and Prental development

what is the _ form of the outer layer of the embroyic disk

skin, hair, nails and sensory organs and nervous system

Maddox, a baby born at 25 weeks, is more at risk of not surviving than babies born full term because Maddox's __________ is/are still immature.

Lungs

Enrico's biological parents were both musicians, so he was born with a(n) __________ that included exceptional musical ability, but because he was never exposed to musical instruments or instruction when he was adopted, he never developed his musical ability.

Genotype

Errol's father carries two recessive genes for sickle-cell anemia, and Errol's mother carries two normal dominant genes. Therefore, Errol has inherited __________ from his parents.

a resistence to malraia

Individuals of __________ descent are most likely to have sickle-cell anemia.

African

The heritability of intelligence __________ from childhood to adulthood.

Incresases

The higher the concordance rate in a sample,

the more simillar pairs are

Girls normally begin menstruating between the ages of 11–16, toward the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and toward the higher end when nutrition is insufficient. This is an example of __________.

epigentics

Genes establish a __________ of potential expression, and the environment determines where a person's phenotype will fall within this

reaction range

A toddler from the Hamer tribe in Ethiopia was adopted by an American couple who described themselves as "non-athletes." This tribe is known for having members who are exceptionally tall. Once she started school, she asked to play in the after-school basketball program, tried out for the team in middle school and high school, and eventually went on to earn a scholarship to play in college. This is an example of __________.

niche picking

Cecille is pregnant. She has always been health-conscious and exercises regularly. She is planning on engaging in aerobic exercise by continuing to go to her exercise classes. According to most physicians, she should __

exercise regularly as she will stimulate the circulatroy and muscle systems

The most common teratogen worldwide is

malnurition

Marie is a heavy drinker and managed to stop drinking for most of her pregnancy. If she drank alcohol during the __________ period, her baby would be most at risk of structural damage.

embroyic

_ is the most common cause of inability to ovulate

age

Shonda and Trinity have been a couple for eight years, and they are now excited to take the leap into parenthood together. Because they are both women, they have decided to use __________, which involves injecting a donor's sperm into Shonda's uterus while she is ovulating.

Intrauterine semination

The most common fertility treatment for a woman who cannot ovulate properly is __________.

fertility drugs

DNA

long strands of cell material that stores and transfers gentic material in all life forms

Gene

segment of DNA containing coded instructions for growth/functioning of an organism

genome

entire store of an organism’s hereditary information, all of your DNA

Chromosome

structure in the nucleus of cells containing pairs of genes

-genes are unpaired in the chromosomes of reproductive cells

alleles

different forms of the same gene found on a pair of chromosomes

Mitosis

produces diploid cells (full copy of DNA, all chroomsoomes)

-how most cells in body reproduces

meiosis

produces haploid cells (half of each chromosome)

-How gametes (sperm and egg cells) are made

fertillization

-halploid gametes (sperm+egg) combine to produce diploid offspring with unqiue DNA

sperm cell+ egg cell+ fertillized egg cell that will develop into child

genotype and phenotype

Genotype: an organism’s unique gentic inhertience the genome of an individual

Phenotype: an organism’s actual charcteristics derieved from it’s genotype, the parts of your genome that are actually expressed

-genes can be present without being expressed in the phenotype

-phenotype can change over time due to enviromental factors

dominant-recessive inhertience

inhertience pattern where a pair pf chorosomes contains one dominat and one recessive gene but only the dominat gene is expressed in the phenotype

codominance

phenotypes of both parents and expressed separetely in the offspring

incomplete dominance

phenotypes of parents blend together to create new phenotype in the offspring

Polygentic inheritence

expression of phenotypic charcteristics due to the interaction of multiple genes

-most common form of inhertience

different types of chrosomes

autosomes: the first 22 pairs of chrosomes, Non-sex chrosomes

sex chrosomes: chrosomes that determine whether an organism is male or female

X-linked inhertience

pattern of inhertience in which a recessive charcterstic is expressed because it is carried on the male’s X chromosome

are gentic disorders more likely to be dominant or recessive?

-recessive

-gentic disorders involve genes that code for proteins that don’t work properly and these disorders often have a recessive pattern

beheavior gentics

field of study in human development that aims to identify the extent to whicfh genes influence beheavior primarily by comparing individuals who share varying amounts of their genes

difference in Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins

Monozygotic twins: twins with identical genotypes who developed from a single fertillized egg, identical twins

dizygotic twins: twins who developed from two separate eggs which are released at the same time frateral twins

epigentics

impact of enviroment or gene activity changes in gene expression not contents of gentic code itself

theory of genotype

theory that genes influence the kind of enviroments we experience

passive genotype

enviromental effects stemming forr the fact that in a biological family, the parents provide both the child’s genes and their enviroment

evocative genotype

responses from others in the enviroment evoked by a person’s inhertied charcteristics

active genotype

enviromental effects caused by people seeking out enviroments based on their genotype

what happens during Germinal period (zygote period)?

-first two weeks

zygote: new cell formed by combination of sperm and egg after fertillization

Blastocyct: ball of 100 cells formed from zygote roughly 4 days to a week after conception

implantation: burrowing of the zygote into the uterine wall, connecting to mother’s blood vessels

trophoblast: outer layer of blastocyst cells. wiill form structures which protect and nourish the embroyo

anminon; Fluid filled membrane that surrounds and protects the devloping organism within the womb

Placenta

temporay organ formed within the womb. Protects the fetus from bacteria and wastes in the mother’s blood. Also produces hormones to maintain the blood in the uterine lining and cause the mother to lactate

-umblical cord blood vessels run near mother’s blood vessesls, but don’t connect

-Nutrients, oxygen, vitamins and waste exchanged via blood flow through chroionic villi that reach close to the mother’s blood supply

what happens during fetal period

-devloping baby is a fetus

first trimster: conception to end of month 3

-by end of first trimster gentials form begin releasing hormones that shape development

-fingernails, toenails, tastebuds develop

-heartbeat can be heard through stethoscope

second trimster: month 4 to end of month 6

-fetus becomes more active by turning, kick, hiccup, suck thumb

-reacts to sounds and shows preference (faster heart beat) for famillar ones

age of visablity

-age at which most bodily systems function well enough to support life once baby is born

-low visablity of fetus, largely due to incomplete lung development

-lack of insulating layer of fat needed to help regulate body temperature

what happens during third trimster

-month 7 to birth

-brain developed enough to show sleep wake cycle

-react to maternal stress with faster heartbeat, more movement

-react to maternal stress with faster heartbeat more movement

-growing awareness of external envioroment

-able to learn and remember experiences, culturally shaped preferences start to form

what did thalidimode impact?

-physical body of an infant

what is neonatal abstinece symdrome

-depending on drugs, breathing problems, diarrhea, shaking, seizures, feeding problems

-medications to reduce withdrawal symptoms

different types of teratogens

-hazardous work enviroments

-enviromental pollution

-parental age

-serve maternal stress

-drugs

-tobacco

-alcohol

-malnurition

what is sex chromosome disorders?

caused by having an abnormal number of sex chrosomes

-intectuall disablities and cause abnormal develppment

what is down syndrome (trisomy-21)

-extra 21st chromosome

-distictive physical features, flat face, large tongue, stocky build

-intectuall disablity, speech problems

-health prolems, hearing impairment, heart defects

-premature againg

-reduced life expectancy (60)