GI System and Immunity Lecture Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering gastrointestinal assessments, nutritional conditions, bariatric procedures, immune responses, and hypersensitivity types based on the provided nursing lecture notes.

Primary Malnutrition

A condition where the diet itself lacks adequate or balanced nutrition.

Secondary Malnutrition

A condition where an underlying disease or medical condition prevents the body from using nutrients.

Complete Protein

A food source that contains all $9$ amino acids.

Incomplete Protein

A food source that lacks $1$ or more amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own.

Obesity

An excessive amount of body fat or adipose tissue, defined as having a BMI $\text{>30}$.

Apple (Android) Obesity

A fat accumulation pattern around central organs, located above and below the waist, which is considered dangerous.

Adjustable Gastric Banding

A reversible and least aggressive restrictive bariatric surgery; potential adverse effects include irritation, ulcer, or necrotic tissue.

Dumping Syndrome

A condition where food moves too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine, characterized by hypoglycemia and a water shift out of the bloodstream.

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of at least $3$ conditions including glucose $\text{>100}$, HDL $\text{<40-50}$, LDL $\text{>100}$, triglycerides $\text{>150}$, sedentary lifestyle, central obesity, or borderline HTN.

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

Nutritional support used when the upper and lower GI system is not intact, often due to trauma, bleeds, or obstructions.

Enteral Nutrition (EN)

Nutritional support used when the upper GI is intact but the patient is unable to swallow, allowing use of the lower GI system.

Salem Sump NG

A short-term, wider lumen clear/rigid tube used for gastric decompression and suctioning that can be placed by an RN.

Dobhoff Tube

A short-term, smaller soft tubing that goes past the stomach to decrease aspiration risk; it cannot be used for suction or decompression.

Refeeding Syndrome

A complication of starting nutrition after a long period of deprivation, leading to fluid/electrolyte shifts and potential organ failure; characterized by decreased $\text{Magnesium}$, $\text{Phosphorus}$, and $\text{Potassium}$.

Innate Immunity

The first line of defense that is automatic and non-specific.

Active Natural Acquired Immunity

Immunity that occurs slowly but is long-lasting after the body is invaded by foreign substances through exposure to disease.

Passive Natural Acquired Immunity

Immediate but short-lived immunity passed from mother to fetus through breastfeeding.

Left Shift

A laboratory finding showing a decrease in segs (mature neutrophils) and an increase in bands (immature neutrophils) due to acute bacterial infection.

T-helper (CD4) cells

Cells that produce cytokines to communicate with the body; a decrease in these cells increases infection risk.

Type I Hypersensitivity

IgE-mediated allergic reactions involving histamine release, which can range from local wheel and flare reactions to systemic anaphylaxis.

Barrett’s Esophagus

A complication of chronic GERD involving metaplasia in esophageal cells, serving as a precursor to cancer.

Hiatal Hernia

A condition where part of the stomach herniates into the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm, often caused by increased abdominal pressure.

Pernicious Anemia

A decrease in vitamin $B_{12}$ caused by the loss of intrinsic factor in patients with chronic gastritis.

Gastric Ulcer

A type of Peptic Ulcer Disease where the patient experiences pain $1-2\,hrs$ after a meal.

Duodenal Ulcer

A type of Peptic Ulcer Disease where the patient experiences pain $2-5\,hrs$ after a meal.

Melena

Black tarry stools indicative of an upper GI bleed.