ENGLISH 8 REVIEWER

Linear Texts

Written in a traditional way without the aid of graphics, read sequentially from left to right.

Non-Linear Texts

Represented using charts and graphs, allowing readers to choose their reading path.

Line Graphs

Charts that use lines to show changes in data over time.

Bar Graphs

Charts that use bars to display different values, similar to line graphs.

Pie Charts

Circular charts divided into fractions to show proportions of a whole.

Tables

Data organized in rows and columns for easy comparison.

Venn Diagram

Overlapping ovals that illustrate relationships between topics.

Flow Chart

Visual representation of sequences and relationships using lines.

Graphic Organizer

Tool for illustrating cause and effect relationships.

Fishbone Map

A type of graphic organizer that resembles a fish, used for cause and effect.

Pictograph

Data representation using images, icons, or symbols.

Concept Map

Graphic organizer illustrating an important idea and its characteristics.

Tree Diagram

Visual representation of hierarchical relationships.

Map

Depicts physical features and dimensions of a specific area.

Cycle of Events

Recurring events with no defined beginning or end.

Continuum/Timeline

Sequence with defined beginning and ending points.

Spider Map

Investigates attributes of a single topic with detailed ideas.

Cloud/Cluster

Generates a web of ideas based on a central topic.

Gantt Chart

Project management tool illustrating schedules and tasks.

Infographic

Combines text, images, and icons to convey complex information.

Rama

Prince of Ayodhya, son of King Dasharatha, and an Avatara of Vishnu.

Sita

Daughter of King Janak, regarded as an Avatara of goddess Lakshmi.

Ravana

Ten-headed rakshasa who performed penance for God Siva.

Lakshmana

Devoted brother of Rama, son of King Dasharatha.

King Dasharatha

Father of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna, king of Ayodhya.

Viswamitra

Sage who guides Rama on a quest to defeat Ravana.

Ganga

Goddess who became the Milky Way and Ganges River.

Siva

Part of the Hindu trinity, known for his asceticism.

Lava

One of the youths taught the Ramayana by Valmiki.

Kaikeyi

Youngest wife of King Dasharatha, mother of Bharata.

Sumitra

Third wife of King Dasharatha, mother of Lakshmana and Shatrughna.

Kausalya

First wife of King Dasharatha, mother of Rama.

Bharata

Son of Kaikeyi, seeks to rectify his mother's actions.

Shurpanakha

Sister of Ravana who attempted to seduce Rama.

Adharma

Concept of evil, not aligned with dharma.

Dharma

Represents good, truth, justice, and duty.

Anjali

An offering made in reverence.

Artha

Wealth and possessions, one of the four life goals.

Moksha

Liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth.

Avatara

Incarnation of a god in human form.

Bhakti

Devotion and love towards a deity.

Brahmana

Member of the priestly class in Hindu society.

Incarnation

Embodiment of a god in physical form.

Romantic Love

Central theme represented by Sita and Rama.

The Perfect Man

Idealized character of Rama.

Brotherly Love

Theme exemplified by Lakshmana's devotion to Rama.

Good and Evil

Conflict between humans/gods and rakshasas.

Combat

Battles depicted throughout the epic.

Human and Divine

Major theme highlighting Rama's divine incarnation.

Sacrifice and Suffering

Recurring themes in the narrative.