UNIT 1

Socrates

“Know thy self ”

Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul

Plato

3-Part Soul/self (Psyche) = Reason, Physical Appetite & Spirit/Passion

Aristotle

The mind (self) is a tabula rasa (a blank tablet)

Self is composed of matter and form

Stoicism

Apathy or indifference to pleasure

NO PLEASURE

Hedonism

They believe that pleasure is the only good in life

maximize pleasure and minimize pain

Epicureanism

Moderate pleasure

Being content with the simple things in life ensures that you will never be disappointed.

Theo-centric

From the scientific investigation on nature and search for happiness to the question of life and salvation in another realm, in a better world

St. Augustine

The self strives to achieve union with God through faith and reason

St. Thomas Aquinas

“The things that we love tell us what we are”

Experiencing that something exists doesn’t tell us what it is

Anthropocentric

Period of radical, social, political and intellectual developments

Rene Descartes

The self is a thinking thing, distinct from the body

John Locke

Personal identity is made possible by self-consciousness

David Hume

There is no “self,” only a bundle of constantly changing perceptions passing through the theater of our minds.

Immanuel Kant

The self is a unifying subject, an organizing consciousness that makes intelligible experience possible.

Gilbert Ryle

The self is the way people behave

Paul & Patricia Churchland

The self is the brain. Mental states will be superseded by brain states

Husserl and Merleau-Ponty

agree that our living body is a natural synthesis of mind and biology

The Looking Glass Self

Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we believe others see us

Johari Window

Technique used to enhance the individual's perception on self and others.

Symbolic Interactionism

the self is created and developed through human interaction
I - active aspect

me - socialized aspect

Conscious

refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are aware of

Preconscious

experiences that are unconscious but could become conscious with little effort

Unconscious

contains all drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and behavior

ID (Biological Self) - Pleasure principle

represents the basic need of man

Natural part of the self

Animalistic nature of man

SUPEREGO (Social Self) - Idealistic Principle

incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others

EGO (Psychological Self) - Reality principle

The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates to fulfil the reality principle

The ego constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world

explain Id, Superego, and Ego

Anxiety

Weak ego will lead to

Defense Mechanism

To protect the ego from anxiety, we use

Sublimation

Redirecting unacceptable or harmful impulses into positive, creative, or socially acceptable achievements (e.g., taking out anger on a punching bag instead of a person).

Repression

Unconsciously blocking or pushing away unpleasant feelings, thoughts, or memories so you forget them.

Regression

Slipping back to an earlier, younger stage of behavior or development during times of high stress or anxiety.

Displacement

Redirecting negative feelings or urges away from the real source of stress onto a less threatening object or person (e.g., yelling at a friend when you're actually mad at your boss).

Projection

Taking your own unacceptable impulses, feelings, or thoughts and attributing them to someone else instead.

Imaginary Audience

Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique

Self-Concept

is a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals

Self-Esteem

Used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value

congruence

Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of

TEMPORAL COMPARISON

Considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the past

SOCIAL COMPARISON

Evaluating yourself in comparison to others – using others as a basis for evaluating your attributes

Upward social comparison

When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us

Downward social comparison

When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than ourselves

Passive downward comparison

Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous condition in making comparison

Active downward comparison

Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning or causing harm to them

Reference Group

A group to which an individual or another group is compared

Individualism

A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent part of the universe and the society

Collectivism

A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society

Buddhism

The self is the source of all sufferings. It is our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self in order to attain the state of Nirvana.

Hinduism

believe that an individual’s action (karma) – the bad or good actions that the individual performed in a previous life determines his or her caste

Taoism

Self does not exist without the existence of the other. Self as a separate identity is supported by the equal and opposite sensation of otherness

Confucianism

Filial piety is a foundational concept in the thought of Confucius. It teaches how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people; focused on having a harmonious social life.