Bio Unit 2 Bones

How many bones do we have in the human body?

206

How many bones does the axial skeleton have?

80

How many bones does the appendicular skeleton have?

126

Tendons

connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

connect bone to bone

Anterior

front or foward

Posterior

behind or towards the back

Medial

the middle or midline

Lateral

toward the side

proximal

closest to the main body or origin point

Distal

farther away from the main body or origin point

Bone storage

calcium and phosphate stored and released when needed

Blood cell reproduction

bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets

Cartlidge

avascular, mix of collagen/elastin and proteins made up of hyaluronic acid

Cartlidge matrix

is produced by chondroblasts

Hyaline cartilage

“glass like” covers articular surfaces of joints, least flexible

Fibrocartilage

more flexible, high amount of collagen, located in intervertebral discs and some joints

Elastic cartiladge

most flexible, nares, ears, and vocal folds

Bone

more rigid, matrix is made up of hydroxyapitate

Osteocytes

mature cells that manage bone growth and repair

Osteoblasts

produce hydroxyapatite

Osteoclasts

breakdown hydroxyapatite

Ossfication

tissues become calcified, early bone stage, bone is growing

Lamelle

mature bone tissue is layed in these sheets

Spongy bones

cells create scaffolding like structures with “hollow” regions between them called trabeculae

Yellow marrow

fat storage

Red mallow

blood cell production

Compact bone

solid layer without trabeculae

Haversian canal

central hole is the location of a blood vessel

Volkmans canal

connect cells to the haversian canal

Osteon

functional unit of compact bone “tree ring” appearance with a hollow center regions, this is how compact bones receive nutrients

What hormones affect bone growth?

growth hormone, throid hormone, sex hormones, and testosterone

Bone remoldeling

rearranging compact bone amounts in a bone

Vitamin D

important mineral needed for calcium absorption

Vitamin C

important mineral needed for collagen synthesis

Cervical and lumbar in the spine, are they anterior or posterior?

anterior

Thoracic and sacral in the spine, are they anterior or posterior?

posterior

Lordosis

is an exaggerated lumbar curvature

Kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curvature

Scoliosis

lateral bend in the column; usually lumbar and thoracic

Spina Bifida

spinal cord is no longer protected by bone, will bulge out, typically seen in lumbar

dics

cartilage, located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae