chapter5

Morphology

The study of the structure and formation of words.

Word Formation

The process of creating new words or forming words from existing ones.

Morphemes

The smallest meaningful units of language, such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots.

Root

The basic form of a word that carries its core meaning.

Derivational Morphemes

Morphemes that are added to words to create new words with different meanings or word classes.

Inflectional Morphemes

Morphemes that are added to words to indicate grammatical properties, such as tense or plurality.

Compounding

The process of combining two or more words to create a new word.

Registers

Different varieties of language used in different social contexts or situations.

Internal Structure of Complex Words

The arrangement and organization of morphemes within a complex word.

Classifying Words by their Morphology

Categorizing words based on their morphological characteristics, such as their word class or formation process.

Allomorphs

Different phonetic or written forms of a morpheme that have the same meaning.

Morphs

The actual phonetic or written realizations of morphemes in specific words.

Phoneme

A unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning.

Allophone

Variant pronunciations of a phoneme that occur in different contexts.

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit in a language.

Allomorph

Variant forms of a morpheme.

Word

A unit of language that is composed of one or more morphemes and can stand alone as a meaningful unit.

Inflection

The alteration of a word's form to indicate grammatical properties such as tense, number, and degree.

Regular inflection

Inflections that follow predictable patterns in a language.

Irregular inflection

Inflections that do not follow predictable patterns and have unique forms.

Suppletion

The use of completely different forms for related words, often due to historical reasons.

Plural

The form of a noun that indicates more than one.

Superlative

The form of an adjective or adverb that indicates the highest degree of a quality.

Present tense

The form of a verb that indicates an action happening in the present.

Past tense

The form of a verb that indicates an action that has already happened.

Progressive/Present participle

The form of a verb that indicates an ongoing action in the present.

Past participle

The form of a verb that indicates a completed action in the past.

Singular

The form of a noun or verb that indicates one.

Etymology

The study of the origin and history of words.

Plural

The form of a noun that indicates more than one.

Derivation

The process of creating separate but morphologically related words through changes in form, such as prefixing or suffixing.

Prefixing

Adding a prefix to a word to create a new word, such as "resaw".

Suffixing

Adding a suffix to a word to create a new word, such as "sawing", "sawer", or "sawable".

Primary stress

The main emphasis placed on a syllable in a word.

Conversion

Changing a word's part of speech without any change in form, such as "saw" being both a noun and a verb.

Phonemic notation

Representing the sounds of words using symbols that correspond to the phonemes in a language.

Derivational morphemes

Morphemes that change the meaning or part of speech of a word.

Inflectional morphemes

Morphemes that indicate grammatical information such as tense, number, or gender.

Derivational suffixes

Suffixes that are added to a word to create a new word with a different meaning or part of speech.

Inflectional suffixes

Suffixes that are added to a word to indicate grammatical information.

Bound root

A root that cannot stand alone as a word and must be attached to other morphemes.

Allomorphs

Different forms of a morpheme that have the same meaning but are pronounced or spelled differently.

Broad phonetic transcription

Transcribing the sounds of words using symbols that represent the actual sounds produced.

Morphemes

The smallest meaningful units of language.

Compounding

Creating new words by combining two or more words together.

Compound

A word formed by combining two or more words.

Head

The main constituent of a compound that determines the overall meaning.

Modifier

The constituent that modifies the head in a compound.

Endocentric compound

A compound where the head represents a subtype of whatever the head represents.

Exocentric compound

A compound where the compound names a subtype, but the type is not represented by either the head or the modifier.

Coordinative compound

A compound where both elements are heads and contribute equally to the meaning of the whole.

Bee-sting

A sting by a bee.

Swimming pool

A pool for swimming.

Adding machine

A machine for adding.

Girlfriend

A friend who is a girl.

Sunrise

When the sun rises.

Babysitter

Someone who sits and takes care of a baby.

Catfish

A type of fish that resembles a cat.

Cry-baby

A person who cries easily.

Story-teller

Someone who tells stories.

Dancing girl

A girl who dances.

Darkroom

A room used for developing photographs.

Doorknob

A knob used to open or close a door.

Taxpayer

Someone who pays taxes.

Sleepwalking

Walking while asleep.

Coining

The creation of new words without using existing morphological resources.

Abbreviation

The shortening of existing words to create other words.

Blending

Taking two or more words, removing parts of each, and joining them together to create a new word.

Borrowing

Copying a word from one language into another language.

Phonological

Relating to the sounds of a language.

Morphological

Relating to the structure of words.

Syntactic

Relating to the arrangement of words in a sentence.

Registers

Words that are restricted to specific fields, disciplines, professions, or activities.

Phoneme

A word restricted to the linguistic domain.

Morphology

The study of the internal structure of words and their derivational relationships.

Compound

A complex word composed of more than one morpheme.

Plural

A suffix that can be attached to nouns to indicate more than one.

Unreadability

A complex word analyzed as [N[Adjun1[Adj[Vread]abil]]ity].

Allomorph

Variant phonological representation of a morpheme.

Prefix

A morpheme that attaches to the beginning of a word.

Suffix

A morpheme that attaches to the end of a word.

Derivation

The process of creating new words by adding affixes to existing words.

Parts of speech

Categories that words can be assigned to, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Inflection

Changes made to a word to indicate grammatical features such as tense, number, or comparison.

Adverb

A word that can be derived from an adjective by adding the suffix "-ly".

Preposition

A word that indicates the relationship between other words in a sentence.

Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of language.

Phrase

A group of words that functions as a single unit within a sentence.

Constituent

A unified part of a construction (e.g., of a word, phrase, or sentence).

Conversion

Derivational relationship between two words of different parts of speech but without any formal marking of the difference.

Coordinative compound

A compound word that denotes an entity or property to which both constituents contribute equally.

Derivation

Process of changing a word from one part of speech to another or from one subclass to another, typically by making some change in form.

Endocentric compound

A compound word that denotes a subtype of whatever is denoted by the head.

Exocentric compound

A compound word that denotes a subtype of a category that is not mentioned within the compound.

Free morpheme

A morpheme that can constitute a word on its own.

Head

The main constituent of a compound, which may be modified by the compound's other constituents.

Inflectional morpheme

A bound morpheme that signals a grammatical function and meaning in a specific sentence.

Morph

A minimal meaningful form, regardless of whether it is a morpheme or allomorph.

Morpheme

The smallest part of a word that has meaning or grammatical function.

Prefix

A bound morpheme attached before a root.