Gross Anatomy Day 1 Overview

Superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from the midline

Anterior

towards the front of the body

posterior

towards the back of the body

proximal

closer to the point of attachment

distal

further from the point of attachment

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

further from the surface of the body, more internal

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior halves, vertical plane

median plane

divides the body into left and right halves

sagittal plane

vertical planes passing parallel to the median plane

transverse plane

horizontal planes, divides the body into top and bottom halves

sagittal plane movements

flexion, extension, hyperextension (what plane)

frontal plane movements

adduction, abduction, inversion, eversion, ulnar/radial deviation, lateral flexion (what plane)

transverse plane movements

internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal ad/abduction, supination, pronation (what plane)

caudal

towards the tail (pubic bone)

cephalic (cranial)

towards the head

dorsal

towards the back

palmar

anterior hand

dorsal (hand)

posterior hand

plantar

sole of foot

dorsal (foot)

top surface of foot

external

towards the outside of a cavity of organ

internal

towards the inside of a cavity or organ

ventral

towards the belly or stomach

intermediate

between superficial and deep

unilateral

occurring only on one side of the body

bilateral

paired structures occurring on both left and right sides

ipsilateral

occurring on the same side of the body

contralateral

occurring on the opposite sides of the body

flexion

sagittal plane, bending or decreasing the joint angle

extension

straightening or increasing the joint angle between bones or parts of body, sagittal plane

dorsiflexion

flexion at the ankle joint, points toe to the sky, walking uphill

plantarflexion

bends the toes and foot towards the ground

hyperextension

extension of a limb past the normal limit

abduction

moving away from the median plane

adduction

moving towards the medial plane

lateral flexion

special form of abduction for the neck and trunk

circumduction

circular movement that combines sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction

rotation

revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis

medial rotation

rotation that brings the anterior surface of the limb closer to the medial plane

lateral rotation

rotation that takes the anterior surface away from the median plane

pronation

rotates the radius medially so the palm faces posteriorly

supination

rotating the radius laterally so the arm returns to anatomical position

inversion

moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane

eversion

moves the sole of the foot away from the median plane

opposition

movement of thumb to the pad of another finger

reposition

movement of the first digit back to anatomical position

protrusion

movement anteriorly, such as the mandible, lips, tongue

retrusion

movement posteriorly, such as the mandible, lips, tongue

protraction

anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall

retraction

posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall

elevation

raises or moves a part of the body superiorly

depression

lowers or moves a body part inferiorly

axial skeleton

consists of bones of the head, neck, and trunk

appendicular skeleton

consists of the bones of the limbs

cranium

bone of axial head region

hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae

bones of axial neck region

ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum

bones of the axial trunk

long bones

tubular bones

short bones

cuboidal bones found in the wrist and ankle

flat bones

bones that serve protective functions

irregular bones

bones in various shapes other than flat, long, or short

sesamoid bones

bones that develop in certain tendons at the end of long bones in the limbs

body

principal mass of a bone

capitulum

small, round, articular head on a bone

condyle

rounded, knuckle like articular area often occurring in pairs in bones

crest

ridge of a bone

epicondyle

eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle on a bone

facet

smooth flat area usually covered in cartilage at an articulation point on bone

foramen

passage through a bone

fossa

hollow or depressed area on bone

groove

elongated depression or furrow on a bone

head

large, round articular end of a bone

line

linear elevation sometimes called a ridge on bone

malleolus

rounded process on bone

neck

relatively narrow portion of bone adjacent to the head

notch

indentation at the edge of a bone

process

extension or projection serving a particular purpose

protuberance

bulge or projection of a bone

shaft

the diaphysis or body of a long bone

spine

thorn like process on a bone

trochanter

large blunt elevation

trochlea

spool like articular process or process that acts like a pulley on bone

tubercle

small raised eminence on bone

tuberosity

large rounded elevation on bone

nasal

nose

otic

ear

oral

mouth

cervical

neck

clavicular

collar bone

acromial

point of shoulder

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

breachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

celiac (abdominal)

abdomen

antebrachial

forearm