APUSH TOTAL REVIEW

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of people, animals, plants, diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the United States, ratified in 1781, which created a weak federal government.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that the expansion of the US across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

7 Years War

A global conflict known in America as the French and Indian War, fought between British and French colonists and Native Americans.

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 freeing slaves in Confederate-held territory.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals in the American colonies during the 18th century emphasizing personal faith.

Progressive Era

A period from the 1890s to the 1920s focused on social reform and addressing issues caused by industrialization.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression.

McCarthyism

A term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States during the early 1950s.

Tennesse Valley Authority

A New Deal agency created to generate electric power and control flooding in the Tennessee River valley.

Social Gospel

A religious movement that arose during the Second Great Awakening that emphasized social justice and improving society.

Quakers

Members of the Society of Friends, a Christian movement emphasizing pacifism and social equality.

Populism

A political approach that seeks to represent the interests of ordinary people, often against the elite.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Suffrage Movement

The struggle to gain the right to vote for women, which culminated in the 19th Amendment.

Japanese Internment

The forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War.

Feminism

The advocacy of women's rights on the basis of equality of the sexes.

Battle of Gettysburg

A significant battle during the American Civil War, fought in 1863, marked as a turning point.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South after the Civil War to restrict the rights of freed slaves.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War during which the Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

War Powers Act

A federal law intended to check the president’s power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress.

Arab Spring

A series of anti-government protests and uprisings across the Arab world beginning in 2010.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A 13-day confrontation in 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba.

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Haymarket Affair

An 1886 labor protest rally that turned violent when a bomb was thrown at police, resulting in multiple deaths.

FDR's Fireside Chats

A series of radio addresses by Franklin D. Roosevelt in which he spoke directly to the American people.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal'.

Constitution

The supreme law of the United States that outlines the national framework of government.

Rockefeller

John D. Rockefeller, an American industrialist and philanthropist, co-founder of the Standard Oil Company.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs.

Vietnam War

A prolonged conflict that took place in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, involving the communist government of North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

Social Security Act

A law enacted in 1935 to create a system of transfer payments in which younger, working people support older, retired people.

Reaganomics

The economic policies of President Ronald Reagan, which emphasized tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and deregulation.

Green New Deal

A proposed package of United States legislation that aims to address climate change and economic inequality.

New Frontier

A term used by President John F. Kennedy to describe his goals and policies for the United States.

Americana

Things associated with or characteristic of America; folk culture.

Gilded Age

A term that refers to the late 19th century as a period of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic growth.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption in government and industry during the Progressive Era.

Labor Rights

The legal rights of workers, including the right to organize into trade unions.

Great Migration

The movement of six million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the cities of the North, Midwest, and West.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

An organization founded in 1874 that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol.

Civil War Amendments

The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, aimed at establishing civil rights for former slaves.

Status Quo

The existing state of affairs, particularly regarding social or political issues.

Modernism

A broad cultural, artistic, and literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a deliberate break from traditional styles.

American Imperialism

The policy and ideology of extending the control or influence of the United States over foreign countries.

Social Justice

The view that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities.

Women's Suffrage

The right of women to vote in elections, a key component of the women's rights movement.

Gig Economy

A labor market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs.

Desegregation

The abolishment of laws or practices that keep different racial groups separate.

Affirmative Action

Policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, or national origin into account to benefit an underrepresented group.

Prohibition

A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933.

WWII Home Front

The civilian sector of the economy and society that contributed to the military effort during World War II.

Brown Power Movement

A civil rights movement that sought equality and empowerment for Latino Americans.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement that emphasizes the inherent goodness of people and nature.

Informal Economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor regulated by the government.

New Deal Coalition

A political coalition created by Franklin D. Roosevelt that included labor unions, liberal farmers, and liberal social groups.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia that led to the rise of the Soviet Union.

Counterculture

A cultural movement in the 1960s that rejected the established social norms and promoted alternative lifestyles.

War on Terror

The international military campaign launched by the United States after the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Cold War

A state of geopolitical tension after World War II between the powers of the Eastern Bloc and Western Bloc.

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that resulted in the drafting of the United States Constitution.

Environmentalism

A concern for and action aimed at protecting the environment.

Reconstruction Acts

Laws passed in 1867 to establish conditions under which the Southern states would be readmitted to the Union.

Influencers

Individuals with the power to affect audience behavior or purchase decisions due to their authority or knowledge.

Diversity

The state of being diverse; variety of different cultures, ethnicities, and perspectives.

Green Revolution

A period when agricultural production increased due to advances in technology, including the use of fertilizers and crop varieties.

Liberty Bond

A war bond sold in the United States to support the American effort in World War I.

Warren Court

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren, noted for its decisions expanding civil rights.

Civics

The study of the rights and duties of citizenship.

The Great Society

A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

Space Race

The competition between the U.S. and the USSR during the Cold War to achieve significant milestones in space exploration.

Nixon Doctrine

The strategy that argued the U.S. would assist its allies in defense but would not commit ground troops for their defense.

The Fair Deal

Harry S. Truman's comprehensive reform program that included civil rights legislation and health care.

Establishment Clause

The part of the First Amendment prohibiting the establishment of religion by Congress.

Migrant Workers

Workers who move from place to place in search of work, often in agriculture.

1964 Civil Rights Act

Legislation that aimed to end discrimination in public places and employment.

Urbanization

The process by which cities grow or by which societies become more urban.

Socially Responsible Investing

Investment strategy that includes social, ethical, and environmental criteria.

Nonviolent Resistance

A method of protest or civil disobedience that does not involve violence.

Cultural Identity

The identity or feeling of belonging to a group based on culture.

Middle Class

A social class between the upper and working classes, often associated with comfortable income and education.

Indian Removal Act

A law passed in 1830 that authorized the president to negotiate with Southern Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi.

Counterculture Movement

A social movement in the 1960s that rejected traditional values in favor of more liberal lifestyles.

Wilderness Act

A 1964 law that created the legal definition of wilderness in the United States and protected certain lands.

Rock and Roll

A genre of popular music that developed in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Sojourner Truth

An African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist who delivered the famous speech "Ain't I a Woman?".

Roe v. Wade

The landmark 1973 Supreme Court decision that established a woman's legal right to have an abortion.

Green Party

A political party founded in the United States that emphasizes environmental issues.

1982 Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution aimed at guaranteeing equal rights for all citizens regardless of sex.

Feminine Mystique

A book by Betty Friedan that sparked the second wave of feminism in the United States.

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the United States has a unique mission to spread democracy and freedom.

Civic Engagement

Individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern.

Freedom Rides

Bus trips taken by civil rights activists in 1961 to challenge segregation in bus terminals.

Suffragette Movement

Movement aimed at securing women's right to vote.

Red Scare

The promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or anarchism.

Pocahontas

A Native American woman who was a key figure in the colonial history of the United States.