cj 110 midterm

As an institution of social control, criminal justice differs from the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law in that it

is generally society's "last line of defense."

Like the family, schools, organized religion, the media, and the law, criminal justice is a(n)

institution of social control.

American criminal justice consists of three main agencies. Which of the following is NOT one of those three main agencies?

prisons

Which of the following types of offenses may be punishable by death in the United States?

felony

The term "jurisdiction," as used in your text, means

a politically defined geographical area.

During which of the following stages is an administrative record of an arrest made?

booking

A suspect becomes a defendant after

one or more charges have been filed.

The purpose of a(n) ________ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged.

preliminary hearing

The primary purpose of a(n) ________ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.

arraignment

About ________ of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them in an arrangement called plea bargaining.

95 percent

One of the main purposes of an arraignment is to

allow the defendant to enter a plea.

Currently, five general types of punishment are in use in the United States. Which of the following is NOT one of these punishments?

transportation

Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal or constitutional grounds. Which of the following is an example of a constitutional ground on which a defendant may appeal a conviction?

illegal search and seizure

Which of the following statements is true of parole?

It is given before prisoners have served their full sentences.

Because there is considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal justice, an accurate way of defining American criminal justice may be to call it

a nonsystem.

When politically conservative values are dominant in society, the principles and policies of ________ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice.

the crime control model

According to the crime control model of criminal justice, the most important function of criminal justice is

the control of criminal behavior.

The due process model is based on the doctrine of

legal guilt.

Which of the following is a condition of legal guilt?

the right to counsel

Which of the following is a problem associated with finding an appropriate definition of crime?

Many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are.

Overcriminalization is mainly a problem when addressing which types of crimes?

Victimless crimes

A typical ________ definition of crime is behavior that violates the norms or mores of society.

social

A(n) ________ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given circumstances.

norm or social more

A typical ________ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state."

legal

The term ________ refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm.

actus reus

If George did not want to commit a crime but was forced or coerced to do so against his will, he may have committed the crime ________.

under duress

In most American jurisdictions, the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ________, and the lower limit is usually ________.

18; 7

Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more serious crime?

necessity defense

Which of the following terms is defined as a legal defense against criminal responsibility when a person, who was not already predisposed to it, is induced into committing a crime by a law enforcement officer or by his or her agent?

entrapment

__________ refers to the failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm.

Negligence

The Latin term ________ refers to criminal intent or a guilty state of mind.

mens rea

Which of the following statements is true about an ex post facto law?

It declares criminal an act that was not illegal when it was committed.

_____________ is defined as mental or psychological impairment or retardation as a defense against a criminal charge?

Insanity

________ offenses are illegal because laws define them as such.

Mala prohibita

_________ crimes are considered to be "wrong in themselves" and are characterized by universality and timelessness.

Mala in se

_______ refers to crimes that are not officially recorded by the police.

The dark figure of crime

_____________ refers to an estimate of crimes committed.

A crime index

A(n) ________ may be expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population.

crime rate

Which of the following terms is defined as a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States?

the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

Which of the following crimes is a Part I offense?

arson

________ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult.

A status offense

Which of the following statements highlights the most important difference between the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the uniform crime reports (UCR)?

Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS makes it possible to examine crimes in much more detail because it contains more data on each crime.

For which of the following crimes could you find data in the UCR but not the NCVS?

Murder

Which of the following statements is true about self-report crime surveys?

They ask selected subjects whether they have committed crimes.

Which of the following is defined as the number of offenses for which at least one person has been arrested, charged with the commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution?

crime index offenses cleared

For many crime victims, ________ is the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization.

fear

Which of the following is the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule?

It fails to address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but was unable to control his or her actions.

According to official statistics, about ________ of all crimes committed annually are violent crimes.

10-15 percent

To date, most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to ________.

school children

________ is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community.

Criminal law

A crime is a violation of the ________ of a political jurisdiction.

penal code

Which of the following penal sanctions is used primarily to prevent undesired conduct and to provide retribution?

punishment

The criminal law of the United States, for the most part, is derived from the laws of

england

In common law, the decision in a particular case becomes a potential basis, or ________, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future.

precedent

In common law, the decision in a particular case becomes a potential basis, or ________, for deciding the outcomes of similar cases in the future.

stare decisis

Most of the procedural, or due process, rights given to criminal suspects or defendants in the United States are found in

the Bill of Rights.

Which of the following Amendments extends the procedural safeguards of the Bill of Rights to people charged with state crimes

fourteenth

The ________ protects American citizens from "unreasonable searches and seizures."

fourth

The ________ guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial.

sixth amendment

The ________ states that excessive bail shall not be required.

Eighth Amendment

Which of the following refers to explorations or inspections by law enforcement officers of homes, premises, vehicles, or persons for the purpose of discovering evidence of crimes or persons who are accused of crimes?

searches

A(n) ________ is a written order from a court directing law enforcement officers to conduct a search or to arrest a person.

warrant

In the 1969 case of Chimel v. California, the Supreme Court

limited the scope of searches incident to an arrest.

Under the Supreme Court's __________, a warrantless search not incident to an arrest may be justified in an emergency situation.

exigent circumstances doctrine

An arrest warrant is issued only if substantial and trustworthy evidence supports the conclusion that

a violation of the law has been committed and the person to be arrested committed the violation.

Which of the following standards of proof is more than a gut feeling and legally permits a law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a suspect?

preponderance of evidence

Which of the following standards of proof is required for a search or an arrest?

probable cause

The standard of proof necessary to find a defendant guilty in a criminal trial is

beyond a reasonable doubt.

In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule created?

Weeks v. United States

In which of the following cases was the exclusionary rule extended to state courts?

Mapp v. Ohio

What do the following three Supreme Court cases share in common: United States v. Leon, Massachusetts v. Sheppard, and Nix v. Williams?

They provide exceptions to the exclusionary rule.

You learn that the police have attached a GPS device to your vehicle without a valid warrant. According to the Supreme Court, this violates the _________ Amendment.

Fourth

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court broaden the protection against compelled self-incrimination to cover nearly all custodial police interrogations?

Miranda v. Arizona

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court extend the Sixth Amendment right to be represented by an attorney to indigent defendants facing felony charges in state courts?

Gideon v. Wainwright

The right to counsel may be waived only if the waiver is made

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.

What is the most important factor contributing to wrongful convictions?

eyewitness misidentification

The vast majority of American law enforcement agencies are

local.

The basic concepts of American law enforcement and criminal justice originated in

England.

According to Sir Robert Peel, the main function of the police was to prevent crime by which method?

preventive patrol

Early American citizens ________ the formation of the first police departments.

resisted

Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force?

New York

Which of the following characteristics of today's police was taken up by municipal police officers after the American Civil War?

They began to wear uniforms.

How did people maintain order and defend against criminals on the American frontier?

They engaged in vigilantism

Which of the following is one of the principles advocated by August Vollmer to professionalize American policing?

Education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing.

By the 1970s, research began to show that

unattended disorderly behavior is a signal to more serious criminals that they can move in and operate with impunity.

Which of the following statements about community policing is TRUE?

Community policing called for a shift from incident-based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach.

Who were the first federal law enforcement agents in the United States?

the U.S. Marshals

Why was the U.S. Secret Service created?

to combat counterfeiting

Which of the following U.S. Presidents created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)?

Richard Nixon

The federal law that began the War on Drugs in the U.S. was the __________.

Harrison Act

The majority of public law enforcement agencies are considered to be _________.

local police agencies

Breaking up a fight, holding back a crowd at a sporting event, or intervening in a domestic dispute before it gets violent are examples of the police duty of

order maintenance.

Taking people to the hospital, escorting funeral processions, delivering mail for city officials, or chasing bats out of a caller's house are examples of the police duty of

service.

Which of the following is an example of the police duty of law enforcement?

testifying in court

Most county sheriffs are

elected by the voters of the county.

Which of the following officials is responsible for providing civil process services for the court?

Sheriffs

The only state in the U.S. that does NOT have a state policing agency is _______.

Hawaii

According to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which of the following agencies or organizations has the "primary responsibility for investigating and prosecuting acts of terrorism"?

federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies

What is currently the top priority of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)?

being an intelligence and counterterrorism agency

Identify a true statement about proprietary security agents.

They provide services only for the agency that employs them.