UTZ 1

ultrasound

is a n imaging m e t h o d that u s e s high-frequency soundwaves t o produce images of structures within our body.

ultrasonic image

is an electronic representation of d a t a generated from returning echoes and displayed on a monitor

ABM MODE

Ultrasound imaging employs various modes to examine different parts of the body. These modes can b e controlled by the operato

Amplitude modulation

refers to the display of amplitude spikes o f varying heights.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

It represents t h e time required for a n u l t r a s o u n d b e a m t o s t r i k e a t i s s u e interface a n d return i t s signal t o t h e transducer.

a mode

The greater t h e reflection a t t h e tissue interface, the larger the signal - displayed o n t h e creen.

Pulse repetition period (PRP)

consists of pulse duration and receiving time.

Pulse-repetition frequency (PRF)

is t h e number of times a pulsed activity occurs every second.

ophthalmology, echoencephalography, and cardiology.

A-mode is used in the field of

disadvantages of a mode

No memory is built.

Previous pulses are discarded as new ones are received.

A permanent record is established by photographing the electronic display

The B-mode, or brightness mode

is responsible for displaying a two- dimensional map. It visually represents echoes that a r e electrically converted into intensity-modulated signals on t h e screen.

amplitude o r intensity

The brightness of the displayed image depends on the

1972

B-mode advanced with grayscale imaging in

Motion Mode, often referred to as Time Motion o r TM-Mode,

utilizes a one dimensional image for analyzing t h e movement of body parts. in this mode, spikes are converted into dots.

M MODE

A single sound beam is a sent out , a n d the reflected echoes appear a s dots, allowing for t h e tracking of motion.

adv of m mode

It is highly beneficial in echocardiography and fetal cardiac imaging.

didadv of m mode

Only one dimension is represented. The recording time is limited.

color doppler imaging/ color flow imaging

Extends the use of pulse-echo imaging principle to include Doppler-shifted echoes that indicate blood flow or tissue motion.

color doppler imaging/ color flow imaging

Converts blood flow measurements into an array of colors to help show the speed and direction of blood flow through the vessel.

doppler effect

the frequency of sound changes when the source of the sound is moving.

doppler effect

As objects are moving when the reflected sound is altered by the change of frequency.

A) ColorDopplerShift

• (B) ColorDopplerPower

• (C) Three-Dimensional Color Doppler power displays

color doppler displays on blood flow

power doppler

Color Power Doppler | Ultrasound Angio

• Color Doppler Energy | Color Power

Angio o Presents two-dimensional

Doppler shifts.

• More sensitive to slow flow as well as

flows in deeper tinier vessels. (capillary

level)

• Power doppler as compared to the color doppler provides greater detail about the blood flow special

spectral doppler

Detection of flow in the heart and in blood vessels.

• Through range gating, it has the ability to select information from a particular depth along the beam and would generate a tracing.

• Echocardiography uses ultrasound to record the velocity, direction, and type of blood flow in the cardiovascular system.

knobology

Terminology that describes the manipulation of ultrasound knobs and system controls in order to obtain the best image possible from diagnostic ultrasound

Annotation on/off

which allows annotation to be entered from the keyboard onto the screen

erase screen

will erase all user-entered annotations from the screen where the cursor is located.

Backspace

will erase the last user-entered character to the left of the cursor.

Time Gain Compensation (TGC)

To equalize the differences in received echo amplitudes due to reflector depth

⚬ Provides a gradual increase in amplification with depth by compensating for attenuation of the signal strength over depth

⚬ Adjust the shape of the TGC curve which is displayed vertically to the right of the ultrasound image on the screen

2/M Overall Gain

controls the overall amplification or gain applied to the signals produced by the echoes returning from the body

Focal Zone Position

controls the position of the focal zone to the desired scan depth

focal zone depth

Controls the depth range of the display Either increase or decrease the number of focal zones

⚬ Maximum allowed depth is dependent upon the scan head selected

Freeze Frame Key

⚬ To store the desired ultrasound image in the system’s memory

⚬ Freezing automatically enables cineloop image review or Doppler review

Print Key

⚬ Activates the resident multi-image camera to record the frozen image

Calc Key

activates the appropriate calculations package

Transducer Button (XCTR)

to select different transducers and scan heads

Image Direction

electronically reverses the scan direction of the displayed image

Body Pattern

to display the body pattern to indicate patient positioning during scan session

New Patient Key

will clear patient ID, graphics and comments so that new information may be entered

Color Doppler/ Power Doppler/ Power

to activate the color and Power Doppler mode of the system

cine loop

The memory of the ultrasound unit stores the recently scanned image frames before the freeze frames key is depressed

⚬ Allows the images to be reviewed

distance

place the cursor for distance measurements

trace/ellipse

outline for curve and circumference measurements

measurement

to complete above measurements and display results

off

to erase cursor, outlines, and measurement results

brightness

adjusts the light output of the entire image

monitor control

allows user to adjust the amount of detail in the ultrasound image

caution

Maintaining a very high display contrast level can damage your screen. Avoid using high-contrast settings for an extended period of time

Contrast

adjusts the difference in light output between the light and dark parts of the image

needle/ biopsy

activates a line display, which corresponds to the path of the needle used during invasive ultrasound procedures

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (Z)

Measured in MegaRayls (Z)

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE (Z)

Ratio of acoustic pressure to particle velocity at any point in the acoustic field.

A physical property of tissue, describes how much resistance an ultrasound beam encounters as it passes through a tissue

0.0004

air and other gasses

1.2

air and gasses density

1.38

fat tissue

952

fat tissue

1.48

water and other liquids

1.63

kidneys

1000

water and and other liquid density

1060

kidney density

1.64

liver

1060

liver density

1.70

muscle

1080

muscle density

7.8

bone and other

1912

bone and other density

acoustic mismatch

Difference in acoustic impedance values of two media forming a boundary

• Affects the intensity of an echo

acoustic shadow

Loss of acoustic power structures lying behind an attenuating or reflecting target

DIAGNOSTIC TERMINOLOGY

• ANECHOIC OR ECHOLUCENT

• HYPOECHOIC

• HYPERECHOIC

• ISOECHOIC

ANECHOIC OR ECHOLUCENT

Well-defined echogenic walls without internal echoes

• Structures is fluid-filled and transmits sounds easily

• Appears black

anechoic

ex of

Vascular structures

• Distended urinary bladder (full of urine)

• Gallbladder

• Amniotic cavity

ECHOGENIC OR HYPERECHOIC

• Echo-producing structure, reflects sounds with brighter intensity

• Appears white

echogenic

ex

• Gallstone

• Renal calyx

• Bone

• Fats

• Fissures

• Ligaments

hypoechoic

Low-level echoes within a structure

hypoechoic

ex

• Lymph nodes

• Gastrointestinal tract

isoechoic

Very close to the normal parenchyma echogenicity pattern

isoechoic

Metastatic disease

enchantment

increased through transmission-sound that travels an anechoic (fluid-filled) substance and is not attenuated.

shadowing

The sound beam is attenuated by a solid or calcified object

• This reflection or absorption may be partial or complete

• Air bubbles in the duodenum may cause “dirty shadow” to occur secondary to reflection.

• A stone would cause a sharp shadow posterior to its border

HETEROGENOUS

Not uniform in texture and or

composition

• Tumors with both cystic and solid types

HOMOGENOUS

Completely uniform in texture or

composition

• Texture of the liver, thyroid, scrotum,

and myometrium

fluid level

Interface between two fluids with different acoustic characteristics.

• May change with the patient’s position

• Reason why doctors let the patient move around

INFILTRATING MASS

• Distorted architecture, irregular borders, decreased transmission

ABSCESS

May have irregular borders, debris within, transmission may or may not be increased

LOCULATED CYST

Well-defined with thick septa

LOBULATED CYST

Well-defined with thin septa, increased transmission

SIMPLE CSYT

Because of decrease attenuation, UTZ easily penetrates to the fluid- filled thus acoustic shadowing is present.

COMPLICATED CYST

Mixed pattern of cystic and solid

• Fluid debris

• Blood

• Transmission may or may bot be increased