classification and diversity

Archaebacteria (Monera)

No nucleus
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
Unicellular
Cell Walls
Lives in extreme conditions

Eubacteria (Monera)

No nucleus
Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
Unicellular
Cell Walls
VERY COMMON

Protista (Protists)

Have a nucleus
Have cell walls
Heterotrophic AND Autotrophic
Unicellular AND multicellular

Fungi

Have a nucleus
Have cell walls
Heterotrophic
Unicellular and Multicellular

Plantae (Plant)

Have a nucleus
Have cell walls
Autotrophic
Multicellular

Animalia (Animal)

Have a nucleus
No cell walls
Heterotrophic
Multicellular

Unicellular

One Cell

Multicellular

Many Cells

Protista

Eukaryote, uni/multicellular

Animal

Eukaryote, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall

Fungi

Eukaryote, multicellular, heterotrophic, has cell wall

Plant

Eukaryote, multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall

Eubacteria

Prokaryote, normal environment

Archaebacteria

Prokaryote, extreme environment

Extreme Environment

Place where there is little life but archeabacteria thrive. Includes salt water, deep sea vents, etc.

Autotroph

Make their own food

Heterotroph

Eat food

Eukaryote

Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Unicellular

One cell

Multicellular

many cells

Classification hierarchy (broad to specific)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Classification

The grouping of organisms based on common traits or similarities.

Taxonomy

SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION; THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS IN CATEGORIES

Carolus Linnaeus

Father of Taxonomy - creator of two-part system

Binomial Nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name: genius/species

Organisms

Living things

Kingdom

Broken down into 6 of these - 4 have a nucleus and 1 does not.

Phylum

Group of closely related classes.

Class

Group of similar orders.

Order

Group of similar families.

Family

A group of similar genus.

Genus

A group of similar species.

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Fungi Nutrition

"Natures Recycler - organism that needs to eat dead organisms for food

Bacteria

Kingdom of single-celled organisms, without a true nucleus

Protists

Simple organism that has a multi-cellular and has a nucleus.

Virus

Nonliving particle of a piece of nucleic acid covered with protein. NOT LIVING

Capsid

Protein covering of a virus

Archaebacteria

Bacteria that live in extreme environments

Eubacteria

Bacteria that live in normal conditions, including soil, humans, and water

6 kingdoms:

Anamilia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, and Bacteria/Eubacteria

kingdom eubacteria

also called bacteria
unicellular
live in colonies
prokaryotes

kingdom archaebacteria

also called archaea
have a unique chromosome structure
cell walls designed for extreme environments
some survive without oxygen
many live in conditions that are poisonous to other living things
may perform chemosynthesis to make their own food
unicellular
live in colonies
prokaryotes

prokaryotes

unicellular organism with no well-defined nuclei

kingdom protista

live in water
most are unicellular
eukaryotic
some are plant like (use sunlight to produce food)
some are animal like (eat other organisms)

eukaryotic

unicellular or multicellular organism that have a true nuclei in their cell(s)

paramecium

a type of protozoa (animal-like protist)
use cilia to propel it through the water

algae

an example of a plant like Protista
not as mobile as protozoans
the smallest, simplest form of aquatic plant
grow in colonies that can be seen easily
have chlorophyll--use sunlight for energy

kingdom fungi

eukaryotic
absorb nutrients from other organisms
most are multicellular, some are unicellular (like yeast)
do not move to get food
cannot make their own food
absorb nutrients from other organisms
decomposers

kingdom plantae

eukaryotic
contain chloroplasts
cell walls
producers

chloroplasts

help the plant make its own food from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis

autotrophs

organisms that make their own food
in the food web, these are the producers

photosynthesis

the process by which plants make their own food and release oxygen into the air

kingdom animalia

eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophs
consumers
many have skeletal systems to support their tissues and organs
nervous system

heterotrophs

cannot manufacture their own food
must move to find food
in the food web, these are the consumers

What is the ordering system for classifying plants and animals and the silly sentence to help remember them?

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
(King Philip came over for good spaghetti.)

binomial nomenclature

made up of the latin genus and species of the organism
also called scientific name
Ex: Homo sapiens

Classification

The grouping of living things to make them easier to study

8 Levels of Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Binomial Nomenclature

Two name naming system for scientific names

The science of grouping (classifying) and naming organisms

Taxonomy

Founded taxonomy and classified with the 7 level system. Came up with binomial nomenclature.

Linnaeus

unicellular organisms with no nucleus

Prokaryotes

organisms with cells that have a nucleus

Eukaryotes

producer, makes its own food

Autotroph

All living things with cells that have a nucleus. Includes plants, animals, fungi and protists

Domain Eukarya

living things that are unicellular prokaryotes (one-celled, no nucleus)

Domain Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions

Domain Archaea

Animal phylum - animals with a spinal cord like humans, cats, horses, cows, etc.

Chordates

Animal, Plant, Protist, Fungi, Archebacteria, Eubacteria

6 Kingdoms

Genus and Species - written uppercase, lowercase, underline (or italics), leave a space

Scientific name

A classification group

taxa

Smallest taxa; contains one type of organism only

species

Scientist that first devised the binomial nomenclature system of classification

Carolous Linneaus

Binomial nomenclature

The current classification system used by scientists; it divides organisms into kingdoms and finally down to a genus and species which make up the scientific name of an organism.

Unicellular

An organism that consists of only a single cell

A diagram of a primitive life form with no membrane bound organelles describes what type of organism?

Prokaryote

A primitive life form with no membrane bound DNA Most likely belongs to what kingdom?

Eubacteria

How do Eubacteria and Archaebacteria differ?
a. Archaebacter cells have a nucleus
b. Eubacteria cells don't have a cell wall
c. There are differences in the cell walls
d. Only Archaebacteria cells are aerobic

There are differences in the cell walls

Which of the following does NOT describe a fungus?
a. Cell walls made of chitin
b. can carry on photosynthesis
c. can absorb food through cell walls
d. can reproduce using spores

Can carry on photosynthesis

Most viruses have the structural arrangements of \________________.
a. A cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
b. A capsid shell made from lipids
c. Flagella surrounding the cell membrane
d. A capsid surrounding a nucleic acid sequence.

A capsid surrounding a nucleic acid sequence.

Lysogenic viruses do not \________________.
a. Inject their DNA into the host cell
b. Reproduce and lyse the host cell immediately.
c. Become dormant and divide with the cell's DNA
d. Infect a host cell

Reproduce and lyse the host cell immediately.

Which important role to fungi have in nature?
a. Produce oxygen
b. Decompose
c. Capture nitrogen from the air
d. Kill viruses and bacteria

Decompose

Bacteria decompose dead matter by \________________.
a. Carrying out photosynthesis
b. Going through binary fission
c. Using plant and animal material as food
d. Reproducing rapidly

Using plant and animal material as food

How can viruses be treated medically to reduce their numbers and prevent them from spreading?
a. Use antibiotics to kill them and use vaccines to prevent them from spreading
b. Use vaccines to kill them and use antibiotics to prevent them from spreading
c. Prevent them from spreading by using vaccines, but do not treat them with antibiotics
d. Prevent them from spreading by using antibiotics, but do not treat them with vaccines

Prevent them from spreading by using vaccines, but do not treat them with antibiotics

Which statement does NOT describe viruses?
a. Viruses can replicate environmental surfaces
b. Viruses are intracellular parasites
c. Viruses high jack cellular machinery for assembly and reproduction
d. Viruses can be filamentous, crystalline, polyhedrons, and spheres

Viruses can replicate environmental surfaces

What is the order of the virus reproduction process?

1. Virus connects to a receptor on the cell's surface
2. Virus injects DNA or RNA into the cell
3. Viral genes transcribe and translate by the host cell's machinery
4. An infected cell synthesizes more viral protein and genetic material instead of its usual products
5. Virus genomes and protein coats self assemble
6. Viruses burst from the host cells and kill the cell
7. New viruses infect other cells and create more viruses

Do antibiotics work on viruses? Why or why not?

No antibiotics don't kill viruses, because a virus is non-living.

What are the cell walls of fungi made of?

Chitin

What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles in a virus?

The Lytic cycle produces viral cells that cause the cells to burst.
The Lysogenc cycle replicates viral DNA; viruses are "dormant"

Are fungi photosynthetic? How do they receive food?

Fungi are NOT photosynthetic. They obtain food by breaking down dead or decaying organisms

Fungi

This kingdom contains only heterotrophic organisms that have cell walls

Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

These TWO kingdoms contain members that are all unicellular

Plantae

This kingdom contains members that all photosynthesize

Plantae
Animalia

These TWO kingdoms contain members that are all multicellular

Protista

This kingdom is the "catch all" kingdom that groups organisms that don't fall neatly into the other kingdoms

Animalia

This kingdom contains members that all lack cell walls

Archaebacteria

This kingdom contains organisms that are commonly found in extreme environments

Plantae

This kingdom contains members that have cell walls composed of cellulose