unit 4 vocabulary test

Amino Acid

Amino Acid

The subunit of a protein

Ampicillin

A penicillin that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

Chromatography

A process in which a chemical mixture carried by a liquid or gas is separated into components as a result of differential distribution of the solutes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase

Column chromatography

Chromatography in which the substances to be separated are introduced onto the top of a column packed with an adsorbent (as silica gel or alumina), pass through the column at different rates that depend on the affinity of each substance for the adsorbent and for the solvent or solvent mixture, and are usually collected in solution as they pass from the column at different times

Gel electrophoresis

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel

Genetic engineering

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water

Hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Polyacrylamide

A polymer used as a gel material in vertical electrophoresis; used to separate smaller molecules, like proteins or very small pieces of DNA or RNA

Recombinant DNA

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

Transformation

The uptake and expression of foreign DNA by a cell

Transformation efficiency

A measure of how well cells are transformed to a new phenotype

Dialysis

Medical procedure to remove wastes or toxins from the blood and adjust fluid and electrolyte imbalances by utilizing rates at which substances diffuse through a semipermeable membrane

End Stage Renal Disease

The final stage of kidney failure (as that resulting from diabetes, chronic hypertension, or glomerulonephritis) that is marked by the complete or nearly complete irreversible loss of renal function

Hemodialysis

The process of removing blood from an artery (as of a kidney patient), purifying it by dialysis, adding vital substances, and returning it to a vein

Kidney Transplant

To transfer a kidney from one individual to another

Peritoneal Dialysis

A procedure performed in the peritoneal cavity in which the peritoneum acts as the semipermeable membrane

Allocation Policies

Rules or policies, generally based on medical criteria, established by the OPTN to guide and regulate organ allocation or distribution in the United States

Anesthesia

Loss of sensation and usually of consciousness without loss of vital functions artificially produced by the administration of one or more agents that block the passage of pain impulses along nerve pathways to the brain

Antibody

A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination

Antigen

A macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes.

Crossmatch

The testing of the compatibility of the bloods or tissues of a donor and a recipient by mixing the blood or tissue of the other to determine the absence of agglutination reactions

Haplotype

A group of alleles of different genes on a single chromosome that are closely enough linked to be inherited usually as a unit

Histocompatibility

A state of mutual tolerance between tissues that allows them to be grafted effectively

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

Molecules found on all nucleated cells in the body that help the immune system to recognize whether or not a cell is foreign to the body. These antigens are inherited from one’s parents. Human leukocyte antigens are used to determine the compatibility of kidneys and pancreases for transplantation from one individual to another. The major groups of HLA antigens are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR.

Laparoscope

A fiber optic camera that is inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall and is used to examine visually the interior of the peritoneal cavity

Laparoscopy

A minimally invasive surgery involving visual examination of the inside of the abdomen by means of a laparoscope

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins called MHC molecules. Class I and class II MHC molecules function in antigen presentation to T cells. Foreign MHC molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant

National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA)

The National Organ Transplant Act (1984 Public Law 98-507), approved October 19, 1984 and amended in 1988 and 1990, provided for the establishment of the Task Force on Organ Transplantation; authorized the Secretary of HHS to make grants for the planning, establishment, and initial operation of qualified OPOs; and established the formation of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR).

Nephrectomy

The surgical removal of a kidney

Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)

The OPTN operates the national network for organ procurement and allocation and works to promote organ donation. Through its policies, the OPTN works to ensure that all patients have a fair chance at receiving the organ they need, regardless of age, sex, race, lifestyle, religion, or financial or social status.

Organ Procurement Organization

Facilitate the organ donation process by assessing in-hospital deaths for donor eligibility; consulting with families of potential donors; and retrieving, preserving, and transporting organs for transplantation.

Panel Reactive Antibody (PRA)

The percent PRA value is a measure of a patient’s level of sensitization to donor antigens. It is the percentage of cells from a panel of blood donors against which a potential recipient’s serum reacts. The PRA reflects the percentage of the general population that a potential recipient makes antibodies (is sensitized) against. The higher the PRA, the more sensitized a patient is to the general donor pool, and thus the more difficult it is to find a suitable donor. A patient may become sensitized as a result of pregnancy, a blood transfusion, or a previous transplant.

Suture

The act or process of sewing parts of the living body with sutures

Tissue Typing (also known as HLA typing)

The determination of the degree of compatibility of tissues or organs from different individuals based on the similarity of histocompatibility antigens especially on lymphocytes and used especially as a measure of potential rejection in an organ transplant procedure

Trocar

A sharp-pointed surgical instrument fitted with a small tube for insertion into a body cavity

Tissue Engineering

A multidisciplinary field involving biology, medicine, and engineering working to restore, maintain, and enhance tissue and organ function.

Xenotransplantation

A transplantation of an organ, tissue, or cells between two different species.

Medical Intervention

Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease