Ch 11 social structure and demographics

functionalism

focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together

• manifest

• latent

manifest function

deliberate action that serve to help a given system

latent functions

unexpected, unintended, unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

confllict theory

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

symbolic interactionism

the study of the ways individuals interact thru a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

social constructionism

the study of the ways individuals interact thru a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols

rational choice theory

states that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm;

exchange theory

applies rational choice theory within social groups

feminist theory

critiques the institutional power structures that disadvantage women in society

social institutions

well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as fundamental part of culture

common social institutions include the family, education, religion, government, and the economy, and health and medicine

4 key ethical tenets of american medicine

beneficence

nonmaleficence

respect for autonomy

justice

beneficence

refers to acting in the patient’s best interest

nonmaleficence

refers to avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

respect for autonomy

refers to respecting patients’ rights to make decisions about their own healthcare

justice

refers to treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

culture

encompasses the lifestyle of a group of ppl and includes both material and symbolic elements

material culture

includes physical items one associates w a given group such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings, and tools

symbolic culture

includes the ideas associated w a cultural group

cultural lag

refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture

cultural barrier

a social difference that impedes interaction

language

consists of spoken, signed, or written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules

value

is what a person deems important in life

belief

is something a person considers to be true

ritual

formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage. it is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events

norms

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

there is evidence that culture flows from _______ principles, and that cultures can also influence ___________—

evolutionary — evolution

demographics

refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. one can analyze hundreds of demographic variables; some of the most common are age, gender, race, and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

gender

set of behavioral, cultural or psychological traits typically associated w biological s3x.

gender inequality

the intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other

race

a social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of ppl; these may be either real or perceived differences

ethnicity

also a social construct that sorts ppl by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors

symbolic ethnicity

recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not specifically impact everyday life

sexual orientation

can be defined by one’s sexual interest toward members of same or diff genders

immigration

movement into a new geographic area

emigration

movement away from a geographic area

fertility rate

avg number of children born to a woman over a lifetime in a population

birth rate

relative to a population size over time usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 ppl per yearm

migration

refers to the movement of ppl from one geographic location to another

demographic transition

model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

social movements

organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

globalization

process of integrating a global economy w fere trade and tappping of foreign labor markets

urbanization

refers to the process of dense areas of pop creating a pull for migration or in other words creating cities

dependency ratio

ratio of number of members of a pop that are not in the workforce to number of members that are in the workforce

youthratio

number of ppl under 15 divided by number ppl aged 15-65

age dependency ratio

ppl of 65 over ppl 15-65

sex

biological category; phenotypical female or male

gender

refers to a society’s notions of feminity, masculinity, and other sexual identities

levels of social instituions

education

family

religion

government

economy

medicine