Enlightenment

Relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

The Enlightenment Caused the Scientific Revolution

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers and philosophers who spread the ideas of the enlightenment

Voltaire, Candide

A story that explains a lot of injustices like social injustices and religious injustices

Voltaire, Treatise on Toleration

A trial about Jean Calas who killed his son for wanting to become roman catholic. Voltaire was writing this to prove his innocence and promote religious acceptance.

Denis Diderot, Encyclopédie

A piece written for people to think for themselves and have rational knowledge, not religious based knowledge. Mechanical arts, theology, philosophy. Inspired Frenchmen to go from an absolute monarchy to a democracy.

Jean Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality

Explained his ideas that private property was what led to a lot of the inequality in the world. People are trying to protect their poperty/social status and is the reason people have government and laws.

Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract

Argued rule by a monarch who had divine right/rule. He argued people should be able to choose their own monarch. Social contract allows for people to agree a monarch to rule over them as long as they do good for the people.

Jean Jacques Rousseau, Emile

5 books, men should learn to build physical strength later on and mental strength earlier. Women were perceived as an afterthought.

Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

Discussed the branches of government: legislative, judicial, executive and which types of countied they were best for. Republics are most effective for small countries. Monarchies are best for medium sized countries. Despotism is best for large sixed countries.

Mary Wollstonecraft, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters

Women should learn practical skills like taking care of children but should also be given the chance to go to university and develop critical thinking. Wollstonecraft wrote a lot of works against Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Discusses sensible education and rational education. Argues that women should receive rational education because they are equal to men. Written directly in response to Rousseau's Emile. Feminist

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

The role of the government when it comes to economy should be capitalism/laissez faire. Government does not tell you how to make money. Government needs to provide public works, an army, policement, etc.

Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments

We need to reform criminal justice system because capital punishment does not work. PUnishments must fit the crime. Capital punishment doesn't stop crime from happening.

John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Made up of 4 books, All people are born with know knowledge (tabula roasa) you use your five senses and experience to fill in that knowledge.

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government

All humans are politically equal, government gets its power from the people is governs, free society with self rule (social contract exists and people give up their power for government security) people have rights to LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY based on natural law.

Salons

Areas in which salonnieres would conduct meetings with philosophes to discuss enlightenment ideas.

Salonniere

The women hostess of a French Salon

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the king or queen has almost complete power

Divine Rule/right

Chosen by god and not the people, absolutism

Enlightened Despotism

Does not work because there is now way to hold all the power and still try to pursue enlightened ideas, one party will always be upset.

Natural rights/laws

LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY

American Revolution

A perfect example of European enlightenment ideas put into action

French Revolution

Inspired by the American revolution, people in the third estate sought to reform their country with enlightenment ideas

Reign of Terror

The period of time in which the Revolutionary Tribunal conducted swift and harsh sentences, many were arrested, tried, and executed on small suspicions.

1st Estate

The clergy who made up the top 1% of the population

2nd Estate

The nobles who had money AND power, made up around 2% of the population and di not pay taxes

3rd Estate

Everyone else in France, paid all the taxes. Included bourgeoisie which were people with good money but no power, also payed taxes

Bourgeoisie

City dwelling middle class made up of merchants, manufacturers, and professional people such as doctors and lawyers

Guillotine

A execution machine made for beheading people.

King Louis XVI

The ruler of france during the French revolution, was the husband to Marie Antoinette, ended up taxing first 2 estates in order to recover from countries growing debt partially because of him and his lifestyle.

Marie Antoinette

The wife of King Louis XVI

Jacobins

A radical group during the French Revolution/Regin of Terror

Ancien Regime

THe old form of government in France which consisted of 3 estates.

Estates General

A meeting only the king could call between the 3 estates, each estate was given one vot and more often than not the first 2 estates who were wealthy and powerful, outvoted the poor 3rd estate.

National Assembly

Members of the estate who began the French Revolution

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution.

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Womens March

A march on Versailles based on suspicion that grain was being stored in the King and Queens palace.

Napoleon Bonaparte

The man who took over power after a coup d'etat overthrew King Louis XVI

Causes of the French Revolution- Political

• King had too much power and the people had none

Causes of the French Revolution- Economic

• France's treasury was in huge debt from fighting wars with Britain

• Rising bread prices

• Unemployment problems

• King and Queen continued to spend large amounts of money

Causes of the French Revolution- Social

• Poverty and Starvation

• Unfair Social System (The 3 estates)

• Nobles and Clergy got special privileges

• Unfair system of taxation- only 3rd estate paid them (50% of income)

Causes of the French Revolution- Intellectual

The French Revolution was influenced by events like the American Revolution and Enlightenment ideas such as natural rights, freedom of speech and religion, and separation of powers.

What led to the increases in prices for grain

A hailstorm led to a bad grain harvest which made bread prices skyrocket. This eventually led to mass starvation because many of the people relied on bread to fead themselves and their families.