Biology unit 4, cellular energetics
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23 Terms
Chloroplast
An organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis.
Thylakoids
Flattened, disc-shaped sacs in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and facilitate light-dependent reactions.
Stroma
The thick fluid in chloroplasts that surrounds thylakoids and is where the Calvin Cycle occurs.
Light-dependent Reactions
The first stage of photosynthesis occurring in thylakoid membranes, where light energy is converted to ATP and NADPH.
Calvin Cycle
The second stage of photosynthesis occurring in the stroma, where glucose is synthesized using ATP and NADPH.
Chlorophyll
The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Oxidation
The process of losing electrons; in photosynthesis, water is oxidized.
Reduction
The process of gaining electrons; in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form glucose.
ATP
A short-term energy molecule made during photosynthesis; used in the Calvin Cycle.
NADPH
An electron carrier made during photosynthesis that provides electrons for the Calvin Cycle.
Importance of Light
Light energy is essential for splitting water, exciting electrons, and producing ATP and NADPH.
Inputs of Light-Dependent Reactions
Light, water (H₂O), ADP, and NADP⁺.
Outputs of Light-Dependent Reactions
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (O₂).
Inputs of Calvin Cycle
Carbon dioxide (CO₂), ATP, and NADPH.
Outputs of Calvin Cycle
Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), ADP, and NADP⁺.
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts that increase surface area for light absorption.
Waste product of Light-Dependent Reactions
Oxygen (released from splitting water).
Photosynthesis Equation
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Role of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis
Absorbs light energy necessary for converting it into chemical energy.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins in the thylakoid membranes that facilitate the production of ATP and NADPH.
Calvin Cycle Location
Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Oxidized Reactant in Photosynthesis
Water (H₂O), which loses electrons.
Reduced Reactant in Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide (CO₂), which gains electrons.