Unit 9 AP psych

social psych

scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to other people.

agression

biological

• genes

• neurons

• hormones

psych

• hostile surrounding

• witnessing violence

internal attribution

aka dispositional attribution

self serving bias

the heuristic of seeing one's self with an overly positive view in order to enhance or maintain self-confidence and esteem.

attribution theory by fritz

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

situational attribution

blame the situation rather than the personality of the person.

dispositional attribution

blame the person’s permemnant traits instead of the situation

fundemental attribution error

we attribute the behavior of others diffferently than we do ourselves so tend to over or under estimate dispositional and situational factors for others and ourselves depending on if we do good or bad.

factors that affect out attribution

1. culture

2. power of the situation ‘

3. behavior changing the situation

4. taking an observers view point

elaboration likelihood model

how much a person thinks about the relavant information in a persuasive argument

attitude

feelings influenced by our beliefs

peripheral route persuasion ETHOS/PATHOS

when people are influenced by incidental cues such as the speaker’s attractiveness or credibility.

trigger emotional snap judgments

central route persuasion LOGOS

offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for someone who has agreed to a small request to comply later also when asked a larger request.

role

a set of norms about a social position

cognitive dissonance theory

we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we
can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

chameleon effect

nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners,

→ such that one's behavior passively and unintentionally changes to match that of others in one's current social environment.

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in ~ the presence of others.

but it also makes us do better on simple tasks that are well-learned however if we don’t know the task as well it can also hinder our performance.

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common

deindividuation

the loss of self awareness and self restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization

all people in the group start believing the same thing after a discussion even though it was more of a spectrum before

groupthink

whe the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

prejudice

hating a group

• stereotypes

• beleifs

• emotions

• predisposition to act

can be concious or unconcious but is mostly concious.

knee jerk response

react in a very predictable way, without thinking.

discrimination

unjustifyable negative behavior toward a group

just-world phenomenon

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

in-group

us = our community people who have the same common identity as us

out group

them = people perceived as different

ingroup bias

favor our own group

scapegoat theory

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

other-race effect/ cross-race/ own race

tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races

frustration-aggression principle

frustration creates anger leading to aggression

social script

how to act in situations

mere exposure effect

repeated exposure of novel simuli makes you start liking it

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another. usually present in the beginning of a romantic relationship.

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are interwined

consumate love

the complete form of love, representing the ideal relationship toward which many people strive but which apparently few achieve. Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it.

self-disclosure

act of revealing intimate aspectsof oneself to others.

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

social exchange theory

our social behavior is an exchange process. the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

social-responsbilty norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help.

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

mirror-image perceptions

viewing your side as good, and the other side is bad.

self-fulflling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

positive herdness

positive ratings create more positive ratinhs ppl hop on bandwagon

mood linkage

sharing of moods

social control

power of the situation

personal control

power of the individual

own age bias

better recognition memory for faces in our own age group

ethnocetrism

thinking your culture is the best, comparing everyone’s to yours → lead to scapegotat theory

key to enduring love

1. equity'

2. self-disclosure

3. positive support

odds of helping are highest when

1. the person appears to need and deservehelp

2. similar to us

3. woman

4. we observed someone else being helpful

5. not in a hurry

6. small town/rural area

7. guilty feelign

8. not preoccupied with ourselves focused on others

9. good mood